Effects of Deep and Shallow Tillage with Straw Incorporation on Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen and Enzyme Activities in Northeast China

The characterization of soil physicochemical properties and the resulting soil enzyme activity changes are crucial for understanding the effects of various tillage and straw management techniques on crop grain yield. In 2018–2019, we conducted a field micro–plot experiment to determine the effects of tillage depth and straw management on the soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activity, and maize grain yield. Six treatments were employed, including straw removal (CK), straw mixed with (SM), and straw buried (SB) into the soil under tillage depths of 10 (D10) and 30 cm (D30). The results demonstrated that SM and SB significantly increased the soil nitrate (NO3––N) content and decreased the ammonium (NH4+–N) content in the 0–20 cm soil layer in 2018 relative to CK. SM had greater soil urease (URE) and acid phosphatase (APH) activities in the 0–20 cm soil layer, and SB improved the soil APH activity at the 30–40 cm depth in both seasons. D30 obtained a lower penetration resistance in the 10–40 cm soil profile and higher soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) contents at the 30–40 cm soil depth relative to D10. The soil enzyme activity was positively related to the soil nutrient content and negatively related to the soil penetration resistance in the 0–20 cm soil layer, particularly in D30. Compared with CK, the grain yield was higher by 2.48–17.51% for SM and 7.48–24.46% for SB in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The structural equation model analysis suggested that the tillage depth mainly affected the soil penetration resistance (PR) and pH; however, straw management dominantly influenced the soil mineral N levels, leading to other soil property changes and crop production results. In conclusion, straw incorporation with deeper plow tillage might be an optimal straw return approach for soil quality improvement and sustainable maize production in northeast China.

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Effects of mineral phosphorus fertilizer reduction and maize straw incorporation on soil phosphorus availability, acid phosphatase activity, and maize grain yield in northeast China

Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science ◽

10.1080/03650340.2020.1714031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 66-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kai Wei ◽

Zhenhua Chen ◽

Nan Jiang ◽

Yulan Zhang ◽

Jiao Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Northeast China ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽

Maize Grain Yield ◽

Maize Straw ◽

Straw Incorporation ◽

Maize Grain

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Maize root morphology responses to soil penetration resistance related to tillage and drought in a clayey soil

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000302 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (7) ◽

pp. 1137-1149 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Y. B. HE ◽

L. R. LIN ◽

J. Z. CHEN

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Root Morphology ◽

Root Length ◽

Cortical Cell ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Red Soil ◽

Maize Root ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

SUMMARYCrops often experience combined soil stresses. Root responses to soil penetration resistance (PR) and drought stress can be an important basis for crop management. In 2013/14, a 2-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage treatment and drought stress (no irrigation for 4, 12 and 20 days during the V10–V16 growth stage) on the root length, diameter, cortex and cortical cell, and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in a clayey red soil in southern China. Total root length and average root diameter were significantly correlated with soil PR and moisture. The cortical cell file number increased with soil PR and drought stress, while cortical cell size increased only with soil PR. Soil PR and moisture played different roles in maize root morphology modifications, but were both affected by tillage practices. Deep ploughing and conventional tillage increased soil moisture under severe drought stress conditions, whereas soil compaction and no-till significantly increased soil PR. The results indicate that high PR in clayey red soil was responsible for a decrease in maize root size and grain yield under drought conditions.

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Influence of Nutrient Management Approaches on Soil Enzyme Activity, Soil Microbial Population and Grain Yield of Dry Direct Seeded Rice

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.302 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (06) ◽

pp. 2558-2567

Author(s):

Ragha vendra ◽

K. Narayana Rao ◽

Mahadeva Swamy ◽

S. P. Wani

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Soil Enzyme ◽

Soil Enzyme Activity ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Management Approaches ◽

Soil Microbial Population

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Can Soil Penetration Resistance and Bulk Density Be Determined in a Single Undisturbed Sample?

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/01000683rbcs20140593 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 763-766

Author(s):

Carolina Fernandes ◽

Roniram Pereira da Silva ◽

Adolfo Valente Marcelo

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Clayey Soil ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Clayey Soils ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Undisturbed Sample ◽

Randomized Experimental Design ◽

Density Values

Soil quality indicators such as penetration resistance (PR) and bulk density (BD) are traditionally determined in a single undisturbed soil sample. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PR measurements of undisturbed samples on the determination of BD in the same sample of two soils differing in clay contents. To this end, samples were collected from the 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers of two soils of clayey and very clayey texture. Volumetric rings were used to collect a total of 120 undisturbed soil samples from each soil layer that were divided into two subsets containing 60 units each. One sample set, designated “perforated samples”, was used to determine PR and BD in the same undisturbed sample; the other, named “intact samples”, was used to determine BD only. Bulk density values for perforated and intact samples were compared by analysis of variance, using a completely randomized experimental design. Means were compared by the t-test at 5 %. The BD values for the clayey soil were similar in perforated and intact samples from the two layers. However, BD of the very clayey soil was lower in the perforated than in the intact samples at both depths. Therefore, PR and BD in clayey soils can be accurately determined in the same undisturbed sample whereas in very clayey soils, different samples are required for this purpose.

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Correction of resistance to penetration by pedofunctions and a reference soil water content

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832012000600004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1704-1713 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽

Henrique Debiasi ◽

Julio Cezar Franchini ◽

Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Pedotransfer Functions ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance

The soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil compaction and is strongly influenced by soil water content. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to normalize soil penetration resistance (SPR), using a reference value of gravimetric soil water content (U). For this purpose, SPR was determined with an impact penetrometer, in an experiment on a Dystroferric Red Latossol (Rhodic Eutrudox), at six levels of soil compaction, induced by mechanical chiseling and additional compaction by the traffic of a harvester (four, eight, 10, and 20 passes); in addition to a control treatment under no-tillage, without chiseling or additional compaction. To broaden the range of U values, SPR was evaluated in different periods. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). Pedotransfer functions were generated correlating the values of U and BD to the SPR values. By these functions, the SPR was adequately corrected for all U and BD data ranges. The method requires only SPR and U as input variables in the models. However, different pedofunctions are needed according to the soil layer evaluated. After adjusting the pedotransfer functions, the differences in the soil compaction levels among the treatments, previously masked by variations of U, became detectable.

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Seasonal dynamics of soil active carbon and its response to soil enzyme activity in a freshwater marsh of northeast China

2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering ◽

10.1109/rsete.2011.5965508 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Zhongmei Wan ◽

Changchun Song

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Seasonal Dynamics ◽

Northeast China ◽

Soil Enzyme ◽

Freshwater Marsh ◽

Soil Enzyme Activity

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Hybrid rice produces a higher yield and emits less methane

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/330/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 549-555

Author(s):

Ping Liao ◽

Yanni Sun ◽

Yu Jiang ◽

Yongjun Zeng ◽

Ziming Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Pore Water ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Pot Experiment ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Subtropical China ◽

Straw Management ◽

Straw Incorporation ◽

The Difference

Hybrid rice has a higher yield potential than inbred rice, but the difference in CH4 emissions between the two groups is still unclear, particularly regarding straw incorporation. In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to examine the difference in CH4 emissions between inbred (Huanghuazhan) (IR) and hybrid (Rongyouhuazhan) (HR) rice cultivars, both with or without straw incorporation in subtropical China. The results showed that HR produced both greater grain yield and biomass than IR. In contrast, when compared with IR, HR reduced the cumulative CH4 emissions by an average of 18.6%. No significant interactions between rice cultivars and straw management on yield or CH4 emissions were found. HR significantly increased the abundance of methanogens and methanotrophs by 38.9% and 93.4% relative to IR, respectively, thereby reducing CH4 concentrations in the soil pore water. Therefore, we suggest that cultivar rice can produce a higher yield and better mitigate CH4 emissions when compared to inbred rice, regardless of the use of straw incorporation.

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Effect of straw incorporation on methane emission in rice paddy: conversion factor and smart straw management

Applied Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13765-019-0476-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hyeon Ji Song ◽

Jin Ho Lee ◽

Hyun-Cheol Jeong ◽

Eun-Jung Choi ◽

Taek-Keun Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Management Practice ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Rice Paddy ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Straw Management ◽

Straw Incorporation ◽

Straw Application

AbstractStraw incorporation is strongly recommended in rice paddy to improve soil quality and mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), via increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. However, straw application significantly increased methane (CH4) emission during rice cultivation, and then its incorporation area was not expanded effectively. To find the reasonable straw management practice which can reduce CH4 emission without productivity damage, the effect of straw incorporation season and method on CH4 emission was investigated at six different textured paddy fields in South Korea for 2 years. A straw was applied right after rice harvesting in autumn, and the other right before rice transplanting in spring. In the autumn application, straw was applied with two different methods: spreading over soil surface or mixing with soil. Straw application significantly increased seasonal CH4 flux by average 28–122% over 197–590 kg CH4 ha−1 of the no-straw, but its flux showed big difference among straw applications. Fresh straw application before transplanting increased seasonal CH4 flux by approximately 120% over the no-straw, but the autumn application reduced its CH4 flux by 24–43% over 509–1407 kg CH4 ha−1 of the spring application. In particular, the seasonal CH4 flux was approximately 24% lower in straw mixing with soil after autumn harvesting than 423–855 kg CH4 ha−1 in straw spreading over surface. However, CH4 fluxes were not significantly discriminated by soil and meteorological properties in the selected condition. Straw application slightly increased rice grain yield by approximately 4% over the no-straw, but rice productivity was not statistically different among straw applications. Spring straw application increased CH4 intensity which means seasonal CH4 flux per grain yield by the maximum 220% over the no-straw. Autumn straw application significantly decreased CH4 intensity by average 24–65% over the spring straw application. In particular, CH4 intensity in straw mixing with soil treatment was not statistically different with the no-straw. Therefore, autumn straw application with mixing inner soil could be a reasonable straw management practice to decrease CH4 emission impact with improving soil productivity.

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Corn crop performance in an Ultisol compacted by tractor traffic

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018000400008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 464-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽

Renato Levien ◽

Carlos Ricardo Trein ◽

João de Andrade Bonetti ◽

Henrique Debiasi

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Water Retention Curve ◽

Retention Curve ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Corn Crop ◽

Corn Grain

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine whether compaction by tractor traffic in areas managed under controlled traffic can be limiting to corn crop, under different tillage systems, in a Typic Paleudult of medium texture. Two experiments were carried out, one in the field over two crop seasons and another in a greenhouse. The treatments consisted of minimum tillage with chiselling; no-tillage subjected to one, three, or six passes of a tractor weighing 3.8 Mg; and an area without traffic. Evaluations were performed for soil physico-hydraulic parameters (soil bulk density, penetration resistance, and water retention curve), root and shoot growth, and grain yield. The agricultural traffic increased bulk density, soil penetration resistance, and water content at field capacity. The highest values for soil penetration resistance (1,600 kPa) and bulk density (1.67 g cm-3) in the trafficked soil were not limiting to corn development and increased grain yield for both crop seasons. Tractor traffic of up to six passes is beneficial to corn cultivation, and it increases water availability and corn grain yield.

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