scholarly journals The Assessment of the Sewage and Sludge Contamination by Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Eastern Europe Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Olga Anne ◽  
Tatjana Paulauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as raw materials for industries that are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as “endocrine disruptors”. The determining of PAE contamination was based on analysis of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater and sediment samples collected from city sewer systems of Lithuania and Poland, and Denmark for comparison. The potential PAE sources as well as their concentrations in the wastewater were analyzed and discussed. The intention of the study was to determine the level and key sources of pollution by phthalates in some Eastern European countries and to reveal the successful managerial actions to minimize PAEs taken by Denmark. Water and sludge samples were collected in 2019–2020 and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest contamination with phthalates in Lithuania can be attributed to DEHP: up to 63% of total PAEs in water samples and up to 94% of total PAEs in sludge samples, which are primarily used as additive compounds to plastics but do not react with them and are gradually released into the environment. However, in water samples in Poland, the highest concentration belonged to DMP—up to 210 μg/L, while the share of DEHP reached 15 μg/L. The concentrations of priority phthalate esters in the water samples reached up to 159 μg/L (DEHP) in Lithuania and up to 1.2 μg/L (DEHP) in Denmark. The biggest DEHP concentrations obtained in the sediment samples were 95 mg/kg in Lithuania and up to 6.6 mg/kg in Denmark. The dominant compounds of PAEs in water samples of Lithuania were DEHP > DEP > DiBP > DBP > DMP. DPP and DCHP concentrations were less than 0.05 μg/L. However, the distribution of PAEs in the water samples from Poland was as follows: DMP > DEHP > DEP > DBP, and DiBP, as well as DPP and DCHP, concentrations were less than 0.05 μg/L. Further studies are recommended for adequate monitoring of phthalates in wastewater and sludge in order to reduce or/and predict phthalates’ potential risk to hydrobiots and human health.

Determination of Phthalate Acid Esters in Water and Sediment Samples by GC–MS

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Shao ◽  
Yan Min Zou ◽  
Fu Xing Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Song Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

Water and bottom sediment samples were taken from the Zhenjiang section of the lower reach of Yangtze River, China during the autumn of 2011, aimed to study the pollution levels of six kinds of phthalate acid esters (PAEs). Water samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), with spiked recoveries ranging from 33.5% to 121.0%. Sediment samples were pretreated using ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction, with recoveries varying from 43.7% to 107.6%. Results showed that the concentration levels of PAEs are below the limit of detection (LOD) –63.3μg/L in the water samples of Yangtze River. Tongji River water are severely contaminated by PAEs, with the concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) up to 613ug/L. Four of PAEs were detected in the tap water of Zhenjiang. It was also found that all of detected PAEs are dominantly partitioned on suspended solids in water samples. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment samples are ranged from <LOD to 7.5mg/kg.

scholarly journals Measurement of Phthalate Acid Esters in Non-alcoholic Malt Beverages by MSPE-GC/MS Method in Tehran City: Chemometrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Rezaei ◽  
Mojtaba Moazzen ◽  
Nabi Shariatifar ◽  
Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki ◽  
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Heat Map ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

Abstract The goal of this research was to assess the phthalic acid esters (DEP, DMP, BBP, DBP, DEHP, DnOP and total PAE) in non-alcoholic malt beverages bottled were magnetized with iron (MWCNT-Fe3O4) using Mass spectrometry is gas chromatography (GC-MS) in Tehran. The results showed that maximum and minimum of total phthalate esters in samples were 9483.93 and 2412.50 ng/l, respectively. The mean of DEHP (which has also been found to be carcinogenic) in all samples was lower than 5944.73 ng/l. The maximum concentration of DEHP in four samples was upper than 8957.87 ng/l. Multivariate techniques and heat-map visualization were used to assess the correlation among the type and levels of PAEs with brand, color, product date, pH, sugar, volume and gas pressure. Therefore, based on heat-map and principal component analysis (PCA) results, the Bis (2- ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and total PAEs were the closest accessions, indicating that these variables had similar trends. Based on the results, it can be stated that due to the low average of total phthalate esters in non-alcoholic malt beverages, there is no serious health hazard of these compounds for humans.

Influence of Plasticizer-Free CAPD Bags and Tubings on Serum, Urine, and Dialysate Levels of Phthalic Acid Esters in CAPD Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mettang ◽  
Christiane Pauli–Magnus ◽  
Dominik Mark Alscher ◽  
Judith Kirchgessner ◽  
Roman Wodarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Free System ◽  
Urine Concentrations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

Objectives To evaluate the impact of a plasticizer-free device on exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its major metabolites in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DEHP is the most commonly used plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products; it is added to CAPD bags in order to improve the flexibility of the material. Since DEHP leaches out of the plastic matrix, patients on CAPD are exposed to considerable amounts of DEHP and its metabolites. Design A prospective cross-over study. Setting Department of nephrology in a teaching hospital. Participants Six patients (4 female, 2 male) stable on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for at least 6 months. Interventions Patients were switched from a plasticizer-containing PVC CAPD system (A.N.D.Y. Plus, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany) to a polyolefine-made plasticizer-free system (stay-safe, Fresenius). Main Outcome Measures Prior to and 42 days after the switch, 24-hour effluent dialysate and urine collections were performed and 10 mL blood was drawn. Concentrations of DEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), phthalic acid (PA), and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) in urine, dialysate, and serum were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results Complete data were obtained from 5 patients. Serum levels of PA decreased significantly during the study period (0.137 ± 0.078 mg/L vs 0.124 ± 0.049 mg/L, p = 0.04), and the respective levels of DEHP decreased insignificantly (0.097 ± 0.076 mg/L vs 0.069 ± 0.046 mg/L, p = 0.07), whereas the concentrations of MEHP and 2-EH remained unchanged. Urine concentrations of PA were high (0.81 ± 0.69 mg/L) but did not change substantially (0.70 ± 0.50 mg/L). Effluent dialysate concentrations of MEHP and PA decreased significantly (0.0176 ± 0.004 mg/L vs 0.0040 ± 0.0007 mg/L, p = 0.043 and 0.158 ± 0.056 mg/L vs 0.111 ± 0.051 mg/L, p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusions Although PD patients seem to be exposed to other sources of phthalates in addition to dialysis, use of plasticizer-free devices may help to reduce potentially immunosuppressive exposure to phthalate esters.

Preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with imidazolium-based ionic liquids as a sorbent for the extraction of eight phthalate acid esters in water samples followed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis: an experimental design methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Massoud Bahrololoomi Fard ◽  
Seyyed Hamid Ahmadi ◽  
Mannan Hajimahmodi ◽  
Reza Fazaeli ◽  
Mohsen Amini
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Experimental Design Methodology ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

In the present study, different ionic liquid modified magnetic nanoparticles have been prepared and tested as nano-metric adsorbents for the analysis of eight phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from water samples using dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-micro-SPE).

scholarly journals Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedae A. Alhaddad ◽  
Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh ◽  
Dana Da’ana ◽  
Murad Helaleh ◽  
Mohammad A. Al-Ghouti
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Date Pits

Abstract Background This paper aims to investigate the occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. Three adsorbents, namely roasted date pits (RODP), silver-modified roasted date pits (S-RODP), and activated carbon (AC) were used to investigate their adsorption characterizations in removing dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) from the collected bottle water samples. Methods The occurrences of the phthalate esters in the collected bottled water samples were carried out at different temperatures (30, 50, and 60 °C), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - selected ion monitoring. Batch adsorption isotherms were used to study and establish the efficiency of such adsorbents in removing phthalate esters, in which they describe the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction systems. Adsorption efficiency of the various adsorbents was investigated by using different adsorbent masses (0.05 g, 0.10 g, and 0.15 g) and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C). Different physical and chemical characterizations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore radius, and pore volume. Results The results indicated that the most abundant phthalate esters were DMP followed by DEP under 30 °C; however, DNOP was not detected in any of the tested water samples, except for one sample under 30 °C with a concentration of 0.031 μg/mL. The obtained results showed that phthalate esters leaching to the bottled drinking water were affected by storage temperature. The phthalate esters levels were increased with increasing the temperature to 60 °C. It was concluded that the ability of S-RODP for the adsorption of phthalate esters was better than the removal percentage obtained by AC and RODP. The removal percentage was increased from 90 to 99% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and then decreased to 92.3% at 60 °C. Conclusion RODP was successfully used as an effective adsorbent for phthalate esters removal from drinking water. However, S-RODP has the highest removal abilities than other adsorbents due to the newly formed functional groups on its surface.

scholarly journals Consideration of phthalates distribution in underground water in some selected regions in Delta State, Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Oghenekohwiroro Edjere ◽  
Christiana Ene Ogwuche ◽  
Uwem Bassey ◽  
Akpofure Rim-Rukeh
Keyword(s):  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Phthalate Ester ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

AbstractThe choice of phthalates as plasticizers have been on the increase especially in household products. They are ubiquitous environmental pollutants due to their physical attribute. This study was carried out to determine the occurrence and level of phthalates in the groundwater in some regions of Delta State. Groundwater samples were collected from fourteen sampling points and analyzed using standard procedures. The obtained results showed that the concentration (µg/l) of six phthalate ester compounds present in the water samples was of the order: < 0.05 - 0.05 BBP, < 0.05 - 3.71 BEHP, < 0.05 - 0.54 DBP, < 0.05 - 0.55 DEP, < 0.05 - 0.13 DMP, and < 0.05 - 0.48 DnOP. BEHP was observed to be the major compound of the phthalate acid esters present in most sampling stations, whilst others, especially BBP, were found to be in low concentration and does not pose any immediate threat to human health. The presence of BEHP in most samples from different locations suggests an inflow of the phthalate to underground water, hence it becomes imperative for continuous monitoring and a call to various governments and environmental regulatory agencies to establish standards for phthalate esters in order to monitor its presence in the environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document