scholarly journals Development of a Self-Sustaining Wastewater Treatment with Phosphorus Recovery for Small Rural Settlements

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Jingsi Xiao ◽  
Ulrike Alewell ◽  
Ingo Bruch ◽  
Heidrun Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Special Soil

Global trends such as climate change and the scarcity of sustainable raw materials require adaptive, more flexible and resource-saving wastewater infrastructures for rural areas. Since 2018, in the community Reinighof, an isolated site in the countryside of Rhineland Palatinate (Germany), an autarkic, decentralized wastewater treatment and phosphorus recovery concept has been developed, implemented and tested. While feces are composted, an easy-to-operate system for producing struvite as a mineral fertilizer was developed and installed to recover phosphorus from urine. The nitrogen-containing supernatant of this process stage is treated in a special soil filter and afterwards discharged to a constructed wetland for grey water treatment, followed by an evaporation pond. To recover more than 90% of the phosphorus contained in the urine, the influence of the magnesium source, the dosing strategy, the molar ratio of Mg:P and the reaction and sedimentation time were investigated. The results show that, with a long reaction time of 1.5 h and a molar ratio of Mg:P above 1.3, constraints concerning magnesium source can be overcome and a stable process can be achieved even under varying boundary conditions. Within the special soil filter, the high ammonium nitrogen concentrations of over 3000 mg/L in the supernatant of the struvite reactor were considerably reduced. In the effluent of the following constructed wetland for grey water treatment, the ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were below 1 mg/L. This resource efficient decentralized wastewater treatment is self-sufficient, produces valuable fertilizer and does not need a centralized wastewater system as back up. It has high potential to be transferred to other rural communities.

scholarly journals Study on the efficiency of continuous flow-based constructed wetland system for grey water treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Rengaraj Chithra Devi ◽  
Nirmaladevi D. Shrinithivihahshini ◽  
Rajendran Viji
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Wetland System

Water is inevitable for our life. Due to the population growth, there is a tremendous pressure on the existing fresh water resources such as surface water and ground water. Increasing water demand and improper usage of potable water lead to scarcity of fresh water resources. Globally, treating grey water is a real constraint to minimize the problem of water scarcity. The continuous flow-based constructed wetland system for grey water treatment is a technique for reusing the domestic grey water and it is a low-cost method. The current study was aimed to evolve a suitable user-friendly treatment system for handling the household grey water. In the present study, grey water has been collected from the Bharathidasan University and it has been treated with biofiltration and rhizhodegradation techniques using continuous flow-based constructed wetland system. The system has been found as more effective for treating the Physico-chemical parameters such as suspended solids, pH, electrical conductivity, TS, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, TOC, CO3, HCO3, SO4, NO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, and total alkalinity. The results reported the reduction in the biological oxygen demand (89%), chemical oxygen demand (81%), DO (95%), carbonate (100%), sodium (65%), and potassium (85%).It also examined the benefits and risks associated with the results in the reuse of domestic grey water for the purpose of vegetable gardening, irrigation, and toilet flushing. Consequently, this biofiltration method is natural, simple, and low cost-effective treatment in a holistic manner.

scholarly journals Development of field-scale composite biorack constructed wetland – startup phase

2020 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Mitil Koli ◽  
Guru Munavalli
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System ◽  
College Of Engineering

Constructed Wetlands (CW) with Biorack (BR) technology have been studied extensively in recent years with positive outcomes compared to conventional CWs. A field scale application of the same has been worked upon in the Composite Biorack Constructed Wetland (CBCW) which is a secondary wastewater treatment facility of the Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (DWTS) at Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli (M.S.), India. The CBCW is a multi-compartment system comprising of compartments with brickbats as supporting medium and BR Compartments (BRC) and has been in operation since May, 2018. The CBCW is vegetated with Typha angustifolia L. and Canna indica macrophytes. Being a unique CW, studies on difficulties aroused during the startup phase need to be addressed so as to arrive at proper troubleshooting techniques for future references. The paper addresses various issues, specifically growth of vegetation and their early wiltage in CBCW, for a period of 150 days. Using alternative modes of plantation, it is concluded that vegetation acclimatization, proper suspension and grip of the bulb and roots of saplings in racks, fluctuating inflow of wastewater are few reasons influencing development of vegetation. An improvement by about 12% is obtained in COD removal in the latter period of study implying establishing of vegetation in CBCW.

Comparison of grey water treatment performance by a cascading sand filter and a constructed wetland

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1471-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Kadewa ◽  
K. Le Corre ◽  
M. Pidou ◽  
P. J. Jeffrey ◽  
B. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Anionic Surfactants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
Surfactant Removal ◽  
Better Than

A novel unplanted vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland technology comprising three shallow beds (0.6 m length, 0.45 m width and 0.2 m depth) arranged in a cascading series and a standard single-pass Vertical Flow Planted Constructed Wetland (VFPCW, 6 m2 and 0.7 m depth) were tested for grey water treatment. Particular focus was on meeting consent for published wastewater reuse parameters and removal of anionic surfactants. Treatment performance at two hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 0.08, and 0.17 m3 m−2 d−1 were compared. Both technologies effectively removed more than 90% turbidity and more than 96% for organics with the prototype meeting the most stringent reuse standard of <2 NTU and <10 mg/L. However, surfactant removal in the VFPCW was higher (76–85%) than in the prototype which only achieved more than 50% removal at higher loading rate. Generally, the prototype performed consistently better than the VFPCW except for surfactant removal. However, at higher loading rates, both systems did not meet the reuse standard of <1 mg L−1 for anionic surfactants. This observation confirms that shallow beds provide a more oxidised environment leading to higher BOD5 and COD removals. Presence of plants in the VFPCW led to higher anionic surfactant removal, through increased microbial and sorption processes.

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater through struvite formation in fluidized bed reactors: a sustainable approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. H. Bhuiyan ◽  
D. S. Mavinic ◽  
F. A. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Supersaturation Ratio ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Agriculture Sector

Recovery of phosphate as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O), before it forms and accumulates on wastewater treatment equipment, solves wastewater treatment problems and also provides environmentally sustainable, renewable nutrient source for the agriculture sector. A pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor was used to recover phosphate through crystallization of struvite, from anaerobic digester centrate at the Lulu Island Wastewater Treatment Plant, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. The desired degree of phosphate removal was achieved by maintaining operating pH (8.0–8.2), and recycle ratio 5–9, to control the supersaturation conditions inside the reactor. The performance of the system was found to be optimal when in-reactor supersaturation ratio was 2–6. Among several other operating parameters, apparent upflow velocity and magnesium to phosphate molar ratio were also found important to maintain system performance, both in terms of efficiency of phosphate removal and recovery as struvite pellets. A narrow window of upflow velocity (400–410 cm/min) was found to be effective in removing 75–85% phosphate. TOC level inside the rector was found to affect the performance to some extent. The precipitation potential of struvite could be successfully predicted using a thermodynamic solubility product value of 10−13.36 and its temperature dependence in PHREEQC.

scholarly journals POSSIBILITY STUDY OF IMPLEMENTING VERTICAL CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DOMESTIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN URBAN KAMPONG

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Haryati Sutanto ◽  
Paulus Bawole
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Study Results

The Indonesian Ministry of Environment in 2014 released study results that 60-70% of rivers in Indonesia have been polluted by domestic wastewater, which is not treated properly. Improper and inadequate wastewater treatment not only pollutes water resources and damages ecosystems, but can also pose a significant public health risk. The development of spontaneous settlements in urban kampong makes the environmental quality within the settlements getting worse and many people consider that the area of urban kampong is not habitable. The efforts to treat wastewater before being discharged into water bodies are very important. The study of "vertical constructed wetland" model using water plants which are also ornamental plants can be considered as an alternative system for household wastewater treatment in kampong settlements.  The objective of the research is to develop an alternative model of wastewater treatment that can overcome the obstacles of implementing a wastewater treatment system in terms of cost and availability land. The result shows that the removal efficiency of BOD, phosphate and total coliform are 71.64%, 50,92% and 99.67% respectively. Since the research is still being conducted on a laboratory scale, the further study must be developed with real case studies in low income community settlements in Kampung Kota. Additionally this research can give suggestions to local government an alternative policy to implement domestic waste water treatment plan in a densely populated settlement along the riverbank in the city.

Membrane bio-reactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and reuse

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Meuler ◽  
S. Paris ◽  
T. Hackner
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Reuse ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

Decentralized wastewater treatment is the key to sustainable water management because it facilitates effluent (and nutrient) reuse for irrigation or as service water in households. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) can produce effluents of bathing water quality. Septic tanks can be retrofitted to MBR units. Package MBR plants for wastewater or grey water treatment are also available. Systems for decentralized treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater or grey water are also feasible for hotels, condominiums and apartment or office complexes. This paper presents the effluent qualities of different decentralized MBR applications. The high effluent quality allows infiltration even in sensitive areas or reuse for irrigation, toilet flushing and cleaning proposes in households. Due to the reusability of treated water and the possibility to design the systems for carbon reduction only, these systems can ideally and easily serve to close water and nutrient loops.

Evaluating performance of vertical flow constructed wetland under various hydraulic loading rates in effluent polishing

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Maina ◽  
B. M. Mutua ◽  
S. O. Oduor
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Hydraulic Loading ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland

The discharge of untreated wastewater or partially treated effluent and runoff from agricultural fields into water bodies is a major source of surface water pollution worldwide. To mitigate this problem, wastewater treatment using wastewater stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands have been promoted. The performance of such wastewater treatment systems is strongly dependent on their hydraulics, which if not properly considered during design or operation, may result in the partially treated effluent being discharged into water bodies. This paper presents results from a study that was carried out to evaluate the performance of a vertical flow constructed wetland system under varying hydraulic loading regimes. The influent and effluent samples from the constructed wetland were collected and analysed for physical, chemical and biological parameters of importance to water quality based on recommended standard laboratory methods. The data collected was useful in determining the treatment efficiency of the wetland. The hydraulic loading rate applied ranged between 0.014 and 0.174 m/day. Phosphorus reduction for the different hydraulic loading rates ranged between 92 and 47% for lowest and highest loading rates applied respectively. However, ammonium nitrogen reduction was not significantly affected by the different hydraulic loading rates, since the reduction ranged between 97 and 94%.

scholarly journals Yuck! Plural Valuation of Constructed Wetland Maintenance for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Rural India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire N. Friedrichsen ◽  
Martha C. Monroe ◽  
Samira H. Daroub ◽  
Suhas P. Wani
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Disadvantaged Community ◽  
Human Centered Design ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Valuation Of Ecosystem Services

In 2012, an estimated 50% of rural households in India had a system of drainage for moving wastewater away from their homes, but 0.0% have access to safe, reuseable, treated wastewater. Constructed wetlands can provide decentralized wastewater treatment for rural villages and lead to multiple benefits, such as reusable water, reduced disease, and decreased environmental pollution. However, the maintenance of decentralized wastewater technologies is poorly understood. We used a case study design across four communities and six constructed wetlands to understand the social and cultural variables impacting the maintenance of constructed wetlands for decentralized wastewater treatment to provide agricultural irrigation water. Semi-structured interviews (n = 39) and focus groups (n = 4) were conducted with people from Telangana and Karnataka, India. Interviewees were classed into four groups: (1) Scientists, (2) Farmers, (3) Privileged Community Members, and (4) Socially Disadvantaged Community members. Inductive, constant comparison qualitative data analysis was used to develop a model for explaining the existing practice of wetland maintenance. Three themes emerged from the data: mental models of constructed wetland maintenance show plural valuation of ecosystem services, yuck as a leverage point for decreasing social cohesion in the community, and recommendations for improving maintenance through human-centered design. Based on the results, we propose a model for understanding how to incorporate the plural valuation of ecosystem services provided by constructed wetlands and human-centered design to support long-term adoption and maintenance of decentralized wastewater treatment technologies.

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