The Environmental Impact of Transport Activities for Online and In-Store Shopping: A Systematic Literature Review to Identify Relevant Factors for Quantitative Assessments

In the scientific literature, there are numerous studies with different approaches and focuses on assessing the environmental impact of online shopping and shopping in the traditional retail channel. The aim of this work is to analyse scientific studies that quantitatively assess the environmental impact of transport activities in both channels and to extract the factors used for this assessment. A literature search was conducted for the period 2006 to October 2020, with 90 studies shortlisted, of which 15 studies were identified as relevant in a screening process. The analysis showed that a different number of factors is included in the selected studies. Logistics-related and behavioural factors are mostly of similar importance. Third-order effects, such as rebound or complementary effects, are rarely considered. Furthermore, it becomes clear that the results also depend on differences in study design and external factors. This work illustrates the complexity of quantitatively assessing the environmental impact of online and in-store shopping. Caution is advised when deriving recommendations for action from general statements about the environmental friendliness of a distribution channel. The 15 factors found, together with the classification method used, form a solid basis for building new models.

Download Full-text

The United States and Iran

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.23 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ray Takeyh

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

National Security ◽

Decision Maker ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Order Effects ◽

Optimal Outcome ◽

Third Order ◽

National Interests ◽

Taking Action

Implementing deterrent and compellent strategies are among the most critical tasks of the national security decision maker. However, as the case of U.S.-Iranian relations since 1979 demonstrates, deterring another state from taking action—especially if it considers those steps to be in its national interests—or compelling it to adopt policies in line with one’s own preferences but which represent a setback to the goals of the other state can be a difficult proposition. In addition, the Iran relationship demonstrates howthe use of deterrent and compellent instruments must be weighed against costs and other second- and third-order effects which may cause the policymaker to accept a less than optimal outcome in order to avoid greater complications in other areas.

Download Full-text

The Effects of Flare and Overhangs on the Motions of a Yacht in Head Seas

10.5957/csys-1993-003 ◽

1993 ◽

Author(s):

John C. Kuhn ◽

Eric C. Schlageter

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽

Equations Of Motion ◽

Linear Equations ◽

Order Effects ◽

Third Order ◽

Numerical Work ◽

Strip Theory ◽

Hull Forms ◽

The Time Domain ◽

The Impact

The coupled heave and pitch motions of hull forms with flare and overhangs are examined numerically. The presence of flare and overhangs is numerically modelled with nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude-Krylov forces based on integrals over the instantaneous wetted surface. Forces due to radiation and diffraction are computed with a linear strip-theory. These forces are combined in two coupled nonlinear differential equations of motion that are solved in the time domain with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration method. An assessment of the impact of flare and overhangs on motions is obtained by comparing these nonlinear solutions with solutions of the traditional linear equations of motion, which do not contain forces due to flare and overhangs. For an example based on an International America's Cup Class yacht design, it is found that the nonlinear heave and pitch motions are smaller than the linear motions. This is primarily due to reduced first-order response components, which are coupled with nonlinear response components. Comparisons of these results with towing tank data demonstrate that the nonlinear procedure improves prediction quality relative to linear results. In support of this numerical work, the hydrostatic and FroudeKrylov force integrals are expanded in Taylor series with respect to wave elevation. These results indicate how hydrostatic and Froude-Krylov forces change with changing flare and overhang angles, revealing that sectional slope has second and third-order effects on forces while sectional curvature and overhang angles produce third-order effects.

Download Full-text

Sustainable Production Planning Supporting Entrepreneurial Success and Environmental Friendliness

Green Technology Applications for Enterprise and Academic Innovation - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-5166-1.ch016 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 249-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Markus Heck

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Production Planning ◽

Cost Optimization ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Production Costs ◽

Size Optimization ◽

Entrepreneurial Success ◽

Lot Size ◽

Environmental Friendliness ◽

Linear Cost

This chapter proposes the use of modified algorithms for production planning that support both cost optimization as well as environmental friendliness. The key element is the implementation of non-linear cost functions based on ecological considerations for lot-size planning. Lot-size planning is an essential part of industrial production and integral part of ERP-systems. The classical approaches of lot-size optimization, which are widespread in industries, the Wagner-Whitin algorithm and the Part-Period Balancing heuristic, are enhanced with so-called eco-factors. These eco-factors allow an optimization based on cost as well as ecological factors. This eco-enhanced approach combined with the introduced concept of eco-balancing helps to reduce overall production costs. Simultaneously, the environmental impact is significantly reduced, resulting in a better carbon footprint.

Download Full-text

6.2.2.2 Third-order effects

Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter - Nonlinear Dielectric Susceptibilities ◽

10.1007/10134958_14 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 25-26

Author(s):

F. Charra ◽

G. Gurzadyan

Keyword(s):

Order Effects ◽

Third Order

Download Full-text

The effect of third-order nonlinearity on statistical properties of random directional waves in finite depth

Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics ◽

10.5194/npg-16-131-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 131-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

A. Toffoli ◽

M. Benoit ◽

M. Onorato ◽

E. M. Bitner-Gregersen

Keyword(s):

Wave Energy ◽

Finite Depth ◽

Statistical Properties ◽

Order Effects ◽

Intermediate Water ◽

Third Order ◽

Wide Range ◽

Relative Water ◽

Gaussian Statistics ◽

Third Order Nonlinearity

Abstract. It is well established that third-order nonlinearity produces a strong deviation from Gaussian statistics in water of infinite depth, provided the wave field is long crested, narrow banded and sufficiently steep. A reduction of third-order effects is however expected when the wave energy is distributed on a wide range of directions. In water of arbitrary depth, on the other hand, third-order effects tend to be suppressed by finite depth effects if waves are long crested. Numerical simulations of the truncated potential Euler equations are here used to address the combined effect of directionality and finite depth on the statistical properties of surface gravity waves; only relative water depth kh greater than 0.8 are here considered. Results show that random directional wave fields in intermediate water depths, kh=O(1), weakly deviate from Gaussian statistics independently of the degree of directional spreading of the wave energy.

Download Full-text

Extreme Waves in Crossing Sea States

International Journal of Ocean and Coastal Engineering ◽

10.1142/s252980701850001x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 1850001 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joseph Brennan ◽

John M. Dudley ◽

Frédéric Dias

Keyword(s):

Rogue Waves ◽

Order Effects ◽

Third Order ◽

Flat Bottom ◽

Spectral Content ◽

Wave Event ◽

The Mean ◽

Wind Sea ◽

Set Up ◽

Wavenumber Region

The evolution of crossing sea states and the emergence of rogue waves in such systems are studied via numerical simulations performed using a higher order spectral (HOS) method to solve the free surface Euler equations with a flat bottom. Two classes of crossing sea states are analyzed: one using directional spectra from the Draupner wave crossing at different angles, another considering a Draupner-like spectra crossed with a narrowband JONSWAP state to model spectral growth between wind sea and swell. These two classes of crossing sea states are constructed using the spectral output of a WAVEWATCH III hindcast on the Draupner rogue wave event. We measure ensemble statistical moments as functions of time, finding that although the crossing angle influences the statistical evolution to some degree, there are no significant third-order effects present. Additionally, we pay particular attention to the mean sea level measured beneath extreme crest heights, the elevation of which (set up or set down) is shown to be related to the spectral content in the low wavenumber region of the corresponding spectrum.

Download Full-text

Sound Propagation in Non-Newtonian Fluids

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.3422925 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. R. Raichel ◽

W. H. Kapfer

Keyword(s):

Sound Propagation ◽

Order Effects ◽

Fundamental Wave ◽

Hydrodynamic Equations ◽

Laboratory Practice ◽

Third Order ◽

Frequency Signal ◽

Eyring Model ◽

Newtonian Behavior ◽

Harmonic Distortions

A perturbation analysis is applied to the basic hydrodynamic equations and developed to determine the non-Newtonian effects of a small-signal plane wave propagating through a viscous fluid which is continuous, homogeneous, and isotropic. With the emphasis on liquids, the analysis is applied to the case of a Powell-Eyring fluid (which specializes to the case of a Prandtl-Eyring model) in order to ascertain the magnitudes of second and third-order effects occurring as a result of viscous nonlinearity. It is established that the appearance of second and third harmonics, or “harmonic distortions” of the fundamental wave, can provide a measure of the deviation from Newtonian behavior that should prove useful in laboratory practice. For the purpose of demonstrating the sonic effects of non-Newtonian fluidity, numerical results are obtained for the specially assumed case of sound propagation in compressed water acting as a Powell-Eyring fluid. The second and third-order harmonic distortions are found as functions of fundamental wave frequency, signal strength, and viscous parameters.

Download Full-text

A spatial closed-form nonlinear stiffness model for sheet flexures based on a mixed variational principle including third-order effects

Precision Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.precisioneng.2020.08.003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 429-444

Author(s):

M. Nijenhuis ◽

J.P. Meijaard ◽

D.M. Brouwer

Keyword(s):

Variational Principle ◽

Closed Form ◽

Order Effects ◽

Nonlinear Stiffness ◽

Third Order ◽

Mixed Variational Principle ◽

Stiffness Model

Download Full-text

Novel Polydiacetylenes as Materials for Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optics.

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-328-667 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 328 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. H. Kim ◽

C. E. Masse ◽

B. Bihari ◽

J. Kumar ◽

S. K. Tripathy

Keyword(s):

Second Order ◽

Order Effects ◽

Donor Group ◽

Third Order ◽

Nlo Properties ◽

High Entropy ◽

Acceptor Group ◽

Nlo Materials ◽

Group A ◽

Nlo Chromophores

ABSTRACTThe objective of this investigation was to develop stable nonlinear optical (NLO) Materials which possess both second and third order NLO properties. These Materials were envisioned as having a polydiacetylene (PDA) backbone with a second order active NLO chromophoric substituent consisting of a donor group, a π-conjugated bridge, and an acceptor group. The choice of a PDA backbone in this investigation was twofold. In terms of third order NLO properties, the extensive π-conjugation of the PDA backbone leads to large ultrafast third order effects. In terms of second order NLO properties, the high thermal stability and rigidity of the PDA Matrix in a perfect polymeric single crystal is expected to prevent the randomization of the NLO chromophores in the noncentrosymmetric environment. This paper focuses on the synthesis and NLO properties of the unsymmetrical diacetylene Monomers, ((9-Butoxy carbonyl) Methyl urethanyl) -l- (4-urethanyl-4'-nitrobiphenyl) -nona-2,4-diyne, and ((9-Butoxy carbonyl) Methyl urethanyl) -l- (4-urethanyl-4'-nitroazobenzene) -nona-2,4-diyne. The high entropy flexible urethanyl side group was chosen to satisfy the monomer packing requirements for polymerization and enhance the solubility of the PDAs.

Download Full-text