scholarly journals Preliminary Reports on Comparative Weed Competitiveness of Bangladeshi Monsoon and Winter Rice Varieties under Puddled Transplanted Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5091
Author(s):  
A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Nasir ◽  
Mahmuda Akter Mou ◽  
Sabina Yeasmin ◽  
Md. Shafiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Hybrid Variety

Weed-competitive rice cultivars, a viable tool for integrated weed management of rice-field weeds, may greatly reduce the weed pressure and excessive dependence on herbicide in controlling weeds. Based on this premise, field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 during the monsoon and winter rice-growing seasons at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh, to evaluate the weed competitiveness of the selected rice varieties. A total of 42 monsoon and 28 winter rice varieties from Bangladesh were evaluated under “weedy” and “weed-free” conditions in the puddled transplanted system of cultivation. The field experiments were designed with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that weed competition greatly reduces the yield of rice, and relative yield loss was 15–68% and 20–50% in monsoon and winter season rice, respectively. The lowest relative yield losses were recorded in monsoon rice from the variety BU dhan 1 (18%) and from the winter rice BRRI hybrid dhan5 (23.7%), which exhibited high weed tolerance. The weed competitive index (WCI) greatly varied among the varieties in both seasons and the monsoon season, ranging from 0.4 to 2.8, and the highest value was recorded from the hybrid variety Dhani Gold followed by BU dhan 1. In winter season rice, the WCI varied 0.25 to 2.4 and the highest value was recorded from the variety BRRI hybrid dhan3, followed by hybrid variety Heera 6. In monsoon rice, hybrid Dhani Gold was the most productive, but BU dhan 1 was the most weed competitive variety. Among the winter-grown varieties, the hybrid Heera 6 was the most productive, and the most weed competitive. Our research confirmed a high degree of variability in weed competitiveness among the 70 Bangladeshi rice varieties tested.

scholarly journals Response of Barley Genotypes to Weed Interference in Australia

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Lee Hickey ◽  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Weed-competitive genotypes could be an important tool in integrated weed management (IWM) practices. However, weed competitiveness is often not considered a priority for breeding high-yielding cultivars. Weed-competitive ability is often evaluated based on weed-suppressive ability (WSA) and weed-tolerance ability (WTA) parameters; however, there is little information on these aspects for barley genotypes in Australia. In this study, the effects of weed interference on eight barley genotypes were assessed. Two years of field experiments were performed in a split-plot design with three replications. Yield loss due to weed interference ranged from 43% to 78%. The weed yield amongst genotypes varied from 0.5 to 1.7 Mg ha−1. Relative yield loss due to weed interference was negatively correlated with WTA and WSA. A negative correlation was also found between WSA and weed seed production (r = −0.72). Similarly, a negative correlation was found between WTA and barley yield in the weedy environment (r = −0.91). The results suggest that a high tillering ability and plant height are desirable attributes for weed competitiveness in the barley genotypes. These results also demonstrated that among the eight barley genotypes, Commander exhibited superior WSA and WTA parameters and therefore, could be used in both low- and high-production systems for weed management. Westminster had a superior WSA parameter. Therefore, it could be used for weed management in organic production systems. These results also implied that genotypic ranking on the basis of WSA and WTA could be used as an important tool in strengthening IWM programs for barley.

scholarly journals Influence of Integrated Weed Management and Tillage Methods on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Maize Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
G. C. Michael ◽  
S. A. Gisilanbe ◽  
S. O. Dania ◽  
A. D. Manthy ◽  
O. Fagbola
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Maize Production

A two year field experiments were conducted at the College of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm,   Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria, to evaluate the integrated use of 25% rates of  selected herbicides mixtures (atrazine-pendimethalin (AP1) or primextra (PX1) and cover crops (a vegetable cowpea, "Akidi" (A), Melon (M) and Sweet potato (S) planted sole or mixed at 20,000 stands/ha (1) or 40,000 stands/ha (3) under manual (MT) and tractor tillage (TT) methods used primarily for weed control on soil properties and maize production. The experimental design was a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Tractor Tillage (TT) and Manual Tillage (MT) were the main treatments. The sub treatments included ten integrated weed management (IWM), AP1AI, AP1AS1, AP1S3, AP1MS3, AP1AMS3, PX1A1, PX1AS1, PX1S3, PX1MS3, PX1AMS3 in addition to Weeded 3+6 Weeks After Planting (WAP) (C1) and unweeded(C2) as controls. Descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze data and the treatment means were compared using standard error at 5%. The level of Na, organic carbon, TN, %clay and %fine sand were higher in MT than TT during the experimental period while Mg, pH, %silt and clay were higher in TT than in MT. Herbicide groups did not significantly influenced soil properties in this study. The Ca2+, K+ and A-VP in all IWM treated plots were higher than the value in C2 . Treatments having Akidi (A1, AS1, AMS3) recorded higher OC than those without (S3, MS3). Therefore, MT improves soil condition and should be used in small scale farming and where TT is used, special consideration of soil type and frequency of use should be moderated. Use of IWM ameliorates fertility losses observed, with preference for mixture with at least a leguminous component.

scholarly journals Growth Response of Selected Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties to Integrated Weed Management in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
A. A. Ajala ◽  
A. Muhammad ◽  
A. I. Yakubu ◽  
H. Y. Sanda
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Sudan Savanna

Rice is a weak competitor against weeds and the majority of African farmers have few options and resources available for effective weed control. Weed control is one of the most important and suggestive practices for potential rice production. Field trials were carried out during 2017/2018 dry season at the Teaching and Research Fadama farm of the Kebbi State University of Science and Technology located at Jega (Latitude 12º21ˈN; Longitude 4º36ˈE) and that of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto located at Kwalkwalawa (Latitude 13º01ˈN, Longitude 5º09ˈE) to study the effects of integrated weed management (IWM) and variety on weed occurrence and the growth of rice. Both locations lie within Sudan Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of six (6) weed management options (Solarization/Orizo-plus (3 WAT)/Hoe-weeding (6 WAT), Round-up/Orizo-plus (3 WAT)/Hoe-weeding (6WAT), Solarization/Hoe-weeding (3 WAT)/Hoe-weeding (6 WAT), Round-up/Hoe-weeding (3 WAT)/Hoe-weeding (6 WAT), Weedy-check and Weed-free) and three (3) rice varieties (Jamila, Faro 44 and Faro 57). The factorial combinations of the treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the split-plot arrangement and were replicated three times. Weed management options formed the main plots while rice varieties were assigned to the sub-plots. The result of the study indicated that combination of solarization, orizo-plus and hoe-weeding achieved an effective weed control (33.56 g weed dry matter per m2) close to the weekly hoe-weeding (16.13 g weed dry matter per m2). Faro 57 variety was noted with the potential to increase rice growth under good weed management practices. From the results, it could be concluded that for increased rice growth, Faro 57 under the combination of solarization, orizo-plus and hoe-weeding IWM option should be adopted.

scholarly journals Economics of row spacing and integrated weed management in soybean (Glycine max L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-278
Author(s):  
Olumide Daramola ◽  
Olusegun Adeyemi ◽  
Joseph Adigun ◽  
Christopher Adejuyigbe
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
The Cost

The high cost of cultivation and weed management are major limiting factors to increasing soybean productivity and net returns. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta to evaluate the economic performance of different row spacings and integrated weed management system in soybean. Three row spacings (50, 75 and 100 cm) as the main plots and six weed control methods and a weedy check as sub-plot treatments were accommodated in a split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design with three replications. There was a significant reduction in weed biomass with a reduction in row spacing from 100 cm to 75 cm and 50 cm. Furthermore, the cost of production, grain yield and gross profit increased with a reduction in row spacing from 100 to 75 and 50. When soybean was sown at 50-cm row spacing, the application of Probaben 400EC (metolachlor 20% w/v + prometryn 20% w/v) or Butachlor 60EC (butachlor) at 2.0 kg a.i/ha each followed by supplementary hoe-weeding at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted in the highest yield of 2301-2484 kg/ha and total revenue of 2129-1972 $/ha. Conversely, three hoe-weedings resulted in the highest yield of 2155-2081 kg/ha and total revenue of 1848-1783 $/ha for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings. Despite the higher yield and revenue obtained with three hoe-weedings for crops grown at 75- and 100-cm row spacings, the gross profit and benefit-cost ratios obtained were lower than those obtained with herbicide treatments applied alone or followed by supplementary hoe-weeding. In terms of profitability, soybean planted at 50-cm row spacing and treated with Probaben 400EC at 2.0 kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe-weeding gave the highest gross profit of 1479 $/ha. Two or three hoe-weedings in soybean planted at narrow-row (50 cm) spacing did not guarantee the highest yield, but rather increased the cost of weed control. This study suggests that narrow-row spacing (50 cm) and pre-emergence herbicides will help to reduce the number of hoe-weedings and consequently the high cost of production required for optimum yield and increase profitability in soybean production.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Rajib Kundu ◽  
Mousumi Mondal ◽  
Sourav Garai ◽  
Ramyajit Mondal ◽  
Ratneswar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Similar Treatment

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

scholarly journals Impact of Integrated Weed Management on Bulb Yield of Onion

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
MR Islam ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
AJM Obaidullah ◽  
AHF Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Bulb Yield

The experiment was conducted at Regional Spices Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Magura, Bangladesh during 2016-2017 and 2017- 2018 to optimize weed management practice for onion bulb production through Integrated Weed Management (IWM). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Two different herbicides (Oxadiazon and Pendimethalin) with different doses in combination with hand weeding (HW) were used as treatments. The total number of treatments were 12 viz. [email protected] l/ha, [email protected] l/ha, T3= [email protected] l/ha, T4= [email protected] l/ha + one HW at 45 DAT (Days After Transplanting), T5= [email protected] l/ha + one HW at 45 DAT,T6= [email protected] l/ha + one HW at 45 DAT, [email protected] l/ha, [email protected] l/ha, T9= [email protected] l/ha + HW at 45 DAT, T10= [email protected] l/ha+ HW at 45 DAT, T11= Weed free and T12 = Weedy check (control). The onion var. BARI Piaz-1 was used as the test crop. The highest bulb yield (7.63 tha-1 in 2016 & 9.56 t ha-1in 2017) and benefit cost ratio (2.14 in 2016 and 2.46 in 2017) were obtained from T6= [email protected] l/ha + one hand weeding at 45 DAT while the lowest bulb yield (4.22 t ha-1in 2016 and 6.28 t ha-1in 2017) was obtained from T12 = Weedy check (control), while lowest benefit cost ratio (1.33 in 2016 and 1.74 in 2017) from treatment T11 =Weed free. It was concluded that [email protected] l/ha with one hand weeding at 45 days after transplanting performed better for controlling weed and maximizing bulb yield of onion. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2020, 23(1): 83-89

scholarly journals The Critical Period for Weed Control (CPWC) in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dogan ISIK ◽  
Adem AKCA ◽  
Emine KAYA ALTOP ◽  
Nihat TURSUN ◽  
Husrev MENNAN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Weed Interference

Accurate assessment of crop-weed control period is an essential part for planning an effective weed management for cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted during the seasonal growing periods of potato in 2012 and 2013 in Kayseri, Turkey to assess critical period for weed control (CPWC) in potato. A four parameter log-logistic model was used to assist in monitoring and analysing two sets of related, relative crop yield. Data was obtained during the periods of increased weed interference and as a comparison, during weed-free periods. In both years, the relative yield of potato decreased with a longer period of weed-interference whereas increased with increasing length of weed free period. In 2012, the CPWC ranged from 112 to 1014 GDD (Growing Degree Days) which corresponded to 8 to 66 days after crop emergence (DAE) and between 135-958 GDD (10 to 63 DAE) in the following year based on a 5% acceptable yield loss. Weed-free conditions needed to be established as early as the first week after crop emergence and maintained as late as ten weeks after crop emergence to avoid more than 5% yield loss in the potato. The results suggest that CPWC could well assist potato producers to significantly reduce the expense of their weed management programs as well as improving its efficacy.

Halauxifen-methyl controls glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) but not giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) in winter wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Quinn ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Jamshid Ashigh ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Giant Ragweed

AbstractHorseweed is a competitive summer or winter annual weed that produces up to 230,000 small seeds per plant that are capable of traveling more than 500 km via wind. Giant ragweed is a tall, highly competitive summer annual weed. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and GR giant ragweed pose significant challenges for producers in the United States and Ontario, Canada. It is thought that an integrated weed management (IWM) system involving herbicide rotation is required to control GR biotypes. Halauxifen-methyl is a new selective broadleaf POST herbicide registered for use in cereal crops; there is limited information on its efficacy on horseweed and giant ragweed. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl applied POST, alone and in a tank mix, for the control of GR horseweed and GR giant ragweed in wheat across southwestern Ontario. For each weed species, an efficacy study consisting of six field experiments was conducted over a 2-yr period (2018, 2019). At 8 wk after application (WAA), halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, 2,4-D ester, clopyralid, and pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil + ammonium sulfate controlled GR horseweed >95%. Fluroxypyr and MCPA provided only 86% and 37% control of GR horseweed, respectively. At 8 WAA, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE + pyroxsulam, 2,4-D ester, clopyralid, and thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester controlled GR giant ragweed 87%, 88%, 90%, 94%, 96%, 96%, 98%, and 93%, respectively. Halauxifen-methyl and pyroxsulam provided only 45% and 28% control of GR giant ragweed, respectively. Halauxifen-methyl applied alone POST in the spring controlled GR horseweed but not GR giant ragweed in winter wheat.

Competition betweenElymus elymoidesandTaeniatherum caput-medusae

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Clausnitzer ◽  
Michael M. Borman ◽  
Douglas E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Two field experiments were conducted from 1993–1994 through 1995–1996 growing seasons in Harney County, OR, to determine the relative competitive abilities ofElymus elymoides(squirreltail) a native perennial range grass, andTaeniatherum caput-medusae(medusahead), an exotic annual grass weed. The 1993–1994 growing season was very dry, 1994–1995 was dry, and 1995–1996 was wetter than average. One experiment tested seedlings vs. seedlings in each of three seasons. The second experiment tested seedlings plus second- and third-year establishedE. elymoidesplants vs. 77caput-medusaeover 2 yr. Biomass, seed production, and soil moisture utilization 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm deep by the two species were measured. A randomized block design with factorial arrangement was used, with 25 2.25-m2plots per block. Initial seeding densities of each species were 0, 10, 74, 550, and 4,074 seeds m−2in all combinations of density. In the seedling vs. seedling experiment, intraspecific competition by 77caput-medusaeon itself was always significant (P ≤ 0.10) for both biomass and seed production. Interspecific competition byE. elymoidesseedlings onT. caput-medusaebiomass and seed production was not significant (P ≥ 0.10) in 2 of 3 yr and was always less than intraspecific competition by 77caput-medusae. Only 0.4% ofE. elymoidesseed germinated, and no seed was produced in the very dry first year, but 84% of remaining seed was viable for the next year, which had better moisture conditions for germination and establishment. Interspecific competition affected (P ≤ 0.10)E. elymoidesseedling biomass and seed production throughout the study. Intraspecific competition affected (P ≤ 0.10) seedlingE. elymoidesseed production in the dry year but not in the wetter than average year. In the matureE. elymoidesexperiment, intraspecific competition byT. caput-medusaeon weight and seed production per plant was greater than interspecific competition fromE. elymoides. Seedling/matureE. elymoidesreducedT. caput-medusaeweight per plant in the dry year but the effect was not biologically significant. Larger, matureEelymoidesplants produced 600 to 3,000 seeds per plant during the wet year; neither intra- nor interspecific competition was a factor.Taeniatherum caput-medusaewas better able to access deeper soil moisture and was more aggressive at extracting soil moisture than wereE. elymoidesseedlings in the wet year. Cold soils and low oxygen due to wet soils may have restrictedE. elymoidesseedling root activity. MatureE. elymoidesplants did not appear restricted by cold soils or low oxygen. Established second- and third-yearE. elymoidesplants were able to compete for soil moisture down to 45 cm. The generally greater interspecific competitive effects ofT. caput-medusaeonE. elymoidesthan vice versa suggested that it will be difficult to establish anE. elymoidesstand in an existingT. caput-medusaecommunity without first suppressingT. caput-medusae. IndividualE. elymoidesplants did establish and were productive with and withoutT. caput-medusaecompetition.

Evaluation of Herbicide Programs for Use in a 2,4-D–Resistant Soybean Technology for Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
High Level ◽  
Herbicide Programs

Two separate field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period in Fayetteville, AR, during 2012 and 2013 to (1) evaluate POST herbicide programs utilizing a premixture of dimethylamine (DMA) salt of glyphosate + choline salt of 2,4-D in a soybean line resistant to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and glufosinate and (2) determine efficacy of herbicide programs that begin with PRE residual herbicides followed by POST applications of 2,4-D choline + glyphosate DMA on glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In the first experiment, POST applications alone that incorporated the use of residual herbicides with the glyphosate + 2,4-D premixture provided 93 to 99% control of Palmer amaranth at the end of the season. In the second experiment, the use of flumioxazin, flumioxazin + chlorimuron methyl, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, or sulfentrazone + chloransulam applied PRE provided 94 to 98% early-season Palmer amaranth control. Early-season control helped maintain a high level of Palmer amaranth control throughout the growing season, in turn resulting in fewer reproductive Palmer amaranth plants present at soybean harvest compared to most other treatments. Although no differences in soybean yield were observed among treated plots, it was evident that herbicide programs should begin with PRE residual herbicides followed by POST applications of glyphosate + 2,4-D mixed with residual herbicides to minimize late-season escapes and reduce the likelihood of contributions to the soil seedbank. Dependent upon management decisions, the best stewardship of this technology will likely rely on the use multiple effective mechanisms of action incorporated into a fully integrated weed management system.

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