scholarly journals Evaluation of Nitrogen Yield-Forming Efficiency in the Cultivation of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Nutrient Management Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10917
Author(s):  
Piotr Szulc ◽  
Katarzyna Ambroży-Deręgowska ◽  
Iwona Mejza ◽  
Stanisław Grześ ◽  
Waldemar Zielewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

Failure to adjust the fertilization system to quantitative needs, and especially to the dynamics of mineral demand, causes plant metabolism disorders, low mineral utilization by the plant, and an increased risk of environmental pollution. Additionally, unbalanced mineral fertilization may reduce the assimilation surface actively involved in photosynthesis, which determines the yield potential of individual varieties. The aim of the strict field experiment was to determine the responses of two types of maize varieties (Zea mays L.) to treatments with different nutrient management systems, as expressed by the growth analysis of active organs during photosynthesis, SPAD (soil and plant analysis development) leaf greenness index, green mass yield, and unit nitrogen productivity from PFPFN mineral fertilization (partial factor productivity fertilizer nitrogen). It was demonstrated that the total area of leaf blades of a single plant and the LAI (leaf area index) value were significantly higher in the “stay-green” hybrid compared to the traditional variety. The analysis of leaf morphological structure of the “stay-green” hybrid, based on SLA (specific leaf area), indicated a highly effective utilization of nitrogen, leading to faster leaf production with a larger assimilation area, which formed the basis for effective absorption of solar radiation. The selection of “stay-green” varieties for silage cultivation guarantees high green mass yields. The risk of lower maize biomass intended for ensilage can only be reduced by applying balanced mineral fertilization of all nutrients. The omission of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the mineral fertilization dose, regardless of the variety tested, was a factor reducing the yield of maize biomass intended for ensilage and a lower partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the treatment optimally balanced with respect to the nitrogen dose.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT OF PEARL MILLET IN THE SAHEL COMBINING CATTLE MANURE, CROP RESIDUE AND MINERAL FERTILIZER

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERRE B. I. AKPONIKPE ◽  
KARLHEINZ MICHELS ◽  
CHARLES L. BIELDERS
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

SUMMARYIn the Sahelian zone of Niger, there is a need to develop guidelines for integrated nutrient management, which relies on the potential nutrient sources of manure, pearl millet residue and mineral fertilizers. A fully factorial on-station experiment was conducted during the 1994 and 1995 rainy seasons at Sadoré, Niger, combining application of: (i) broadcast millet residue (300, 900 and 2700 kg ha−1), (ii) broadcast cattle manure (300, 900 and 2700 kg ha−1) and (iii) mineral fertilizer (unfertilized control, 15 kg N ha−1 + 4.4 kg P ha−1 and 45 kg N ha−1 + 13.1 kg P ha−1). Manure and fertilizer increased millet yields in both years whereas residue was effective in 1995 only. The effect of manure and residue were additive, as was the effect of manure and fertilizer but only up to 50 kg N ha−1. However in 1995, the response to fertilizer was approximately doubled in the presence of 900 or 2700 kg residue ha−1 compared to fertilizer with 300 kg ha−1 residue, indicating a strong synergistic effect. This synergistic effect was reflected in the partial factor productivity of nitrogen and phosphorous in both years. Two treatment combinations stand out as particularly relevant based on yield, partial factor productivity and nutrient balance criteria: 2700 kg manure ha−1 combined with (i) 300 kg residue and no fertilizer (95% grain yield increase); (ii) 900 kg residue ha−1 and 15 kg N + 4 kg P ha−1 (132% grain yield increase). There is a need for similar, long-term experiments to confirm the present results.

scholarly journals By-Plant Prediction of Dry Matter Yields at Various Growth Stages of Maize Plants (Zea mays L.) Using Leaf Greenness Indicator in Climatic Conditions of Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9513
Author(s):  
Waldemar Zielewicz ◽  
Barbara Wróbel ◽  
Piotr Szulc ◽  
Henryk Bujak ◽  
Barbara Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Leaf Greenness ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Greenness Index

Predicting yield at an early growth stage allows one to optimize the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilization to maximize crop yield. The aim of the study was to determine how different nitrogen doses would affect the nutrition of two maize varieties (Zea mays L.) with this element and their yields, and to demonstrate the potential of using the SPAD index as an early-stage predictor of dry matter yield (DMY) of maize biomass. The field experiment, with different pre- and post-sown N fertilizer doses, was conducted for two years in Poland. The two-factor experiment was set up in a randomized block design with three field replicates. There were four mineral fertilization variants: (I) 120 kg N·ha−1 without P and K fertilization, (II) 120 kg N·ha−1 + PK, (III) 160 kg N·ha−1 + PK, and (IV) 200 kg N·ha−1 + PK. The second-order factor was two stay-green maize varieties: Delitop (FAO 240) and Magitop (FAO 270). The mean values of the SPAD index of maize depended on the nitrogen dose. When the dose was increased from 120 kg·ha−1 to 200 kg·ha−1 with constant P and K fertilization, the value of the leaf greenness index increased significantly. The plants of both maize varieties fertilized with nitrogen at a dose of 120 kg N·ha−1 without P and K were characterized by the lowest values of the SPAD index, regardless of the year of the experiment. When the nitrogen dose was supplemented with P and K, the plants’ nutrition with nitrogen improved significantly. The values of the SPAD index in the maize plants of the variety Magitop were significantly greater than in the plants of the variety Delitop. The coefficients of correlation calculated for both maize varieties were highly significant at all measurement dates. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the SPAD leaf greenness index can be used as an important, reliable, and non-invasive indicator for maize yield prediction. Nutrition of maize plants with nitrogen proved to be the main determinant of variability of the biomass yield. For this reason, it was the basis for the verification of individual mineral fertilization variants. The lack of phosphorus and potassium in the dose of mineral fertilizer limited the yield regardless of the variety, as compared to the variant that was optimally balanced with the nitrogen dose.

scholarly journals CULTIVO DE MILHO HÍBRIDO COM MACRONUTRIENTES, URINA HUMANA E MANIPUEIRA APLICADOS VIA FUNDAÇÃO E FERTIRRIGAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-431
Author(s):  
Jailton Garcia Ramos ◽  
Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima ◽  
Mariana De Oliveira Pereira ◽  
Maria Teresa Cristina Coelho do Nascimento ◽  
Narcísio Cabral de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Chemical Fertilization ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Cassava Wastewater ◽  
Hybrid Maize

CULTIVO DE MILHO HÍBRIDO COM MACRONUTRIENTES, URINA HUMANA E MANIPUEIRA APLICADOS VIA FUNDAÇÃO E FERTIRRIGAÇÃO     JAILTON GARCIA RAMOS1; VERA LUCIA ANTUNES DE LIMA2; MARIANA DE OLIVEIRA PEREIRA3; MARIA TERESA CRISTINA COELHO DO NASCIMENTO4; NARCÍSIO CABRAL DE ARAUJO5 E MÁRCIA CRISTINA DE ARAUJO PEREIRA6   1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, [email protected] 3 Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Jairo Vieira Feitosa, 1770, Pereiros, 58840-000, Pombal, Paraíba, Brasil, [email protected] 4 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil,[email protected] 5Centro de Formação em Tecnociências e Inovação, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Rodovia de Acesso para Itabuna, km 39, 45613-204, Ferradas, Itabuna, Bahia, Brasil, [email protected] 6 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário,58428-830, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O uso de resíduos orgânicos na produção agrícola é uma realidade em vários países do mundo. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento do milho híbrido AG1051 cultivado sob fertilização química e orgânica, utilizando nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (NPK) e combinações de manipueira e urina humana tratadas, aplicadas via solo e fertirrigação. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus I, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 14 tratamentos, quatro repetições, totalizando 56 unidades experimentais. Foram analisadas as variáveis altura de planta (AP), diâmetro do colmo (DC), número de folhas (NF), fitomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea (FFPA, FSPA), estado de nitrogênio na planta – índice SPAD e área foliar (AF) aos 15 dias após a emergência das plântulas. Todas as variáveis apresentaram melhores resultados em função da fertilização química com NPK, destacando-se a aplicação via fertirrigação, já a adubação orgânica promoveu valores superiores quando aplicada via solo. A variável AF apresentou aumento para todos os contrastes em relação às demais variáveis de até 147%; já a variável NF apresentou menores valores em função dos contrastes, com aumento de 2,25%.   Palavras-chave: Zea Mays L., adubação organomineral, ecossaneamento.     RAMOS, J.G.; DE LIMA, V.L.A.; PEREIRA, M.D.P.; NASCIMENTO, M. T. C. C.; DE ARAUJO, N.C.; PEREIRA, M.C.A. CULTIVATION OF HYBRID MAIZE UNDER MACRONUTRIENTS, HUMAN URINE AND CASSAVA WASTEWATER APPLIED VIA BASAL DRESSING AND FERTIGATION     2 ABSTRACT   The use of organic waste in agricultural production is already a reality in several countries worldwide. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the growth of hybrid maize (AG1051) under organic and chemical fertilization using nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) and the combination of both treated cassava wastewater and human urine, applied through basal dressing and fertigation in a protected environment. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus I, in the municipality of Campina Grande, state of Paraiba, Brazil. A completely randomized design was used, with 14 treatments and 4 replications, totaling 56 experimental units. Plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), shoot fresh matter (SFM), shoot dry matter (SDM), nitrogen in the plant – SPAD Index and leaf area (LA) variables were analyzed at 15 days after emergence. All variables presented better results as function of chemical fertilization with NPK, specially the application via fertigation. Organic fertilization promoted higher values when applied via basal dressing. The variable leaf area showed higher increase for all contrasts compared to the other variables (up to 147%). The variable number of leaves presented lower values due to the contrasts, with an increase of 2.25%.  Keywords: Zea Mays L., organo-mineral fertilization, ecological sanitation.

MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL BENEATH CROP CANOPIES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Crop Cover ◽  
Intact Soil Core ◽  
Intact Soil

Evaporation rates beneath maize canopies were measured using an intact soil core technique. Early in the growing season evaporation rates were periodically high (4.0 mm∙day−1) following rain, but declined rapidly. At full crop cover, when energy supply normally limits evaporation, significant differences in evaporation were detected between canopies with leaf area indices of 3.0 and 4.0. Key words: Evaporation measurement, energy supply, Zea mays L., leaf area, soil evaporimeter, lysimeter

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Gluten Protein Composition of Ancient (Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt) and Modern Wheat Species (Durum and Common Wheat)

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geisslitz ◽  
Longin ◽  
Scherf ◽  
Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Gluten Protein ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

The spectrophotometric Bradford assay was adapted for the analysis of gluten protein contents (gliadins and glutenins) of spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn. The assay was applied to a set of 300 samples, including 15 cultivars each of common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn cultivated at four locations in Germany in the same year. The total protein content was equally influenced by location and wheat species, however, gliadin, glutenin and gluten contents were influenced more strongly by wheat species than location. Einkorn, emmer and spelt had higher protein and gluten contents than common wheat at all four locations. However, common wheat had higher glutenin contents than einkorn, emmer and spelt resulting in increasing ratios of gliadins to glutenins from common wheat (< 3.8) to spelt, emmer and einkorn (up to 12.1). With the knowledge that glutenin contents are suitable predictors for high baking volume, cultivars of einkorn, emmer and spelt with good predicted baking performance were identified. Finally, spelt, emmer and einkorn were found to have a higher nitrogen partial factor productivity than common and durum wheat making them promising crops for a more sustainable agriculture.

Effects of Routine Handling on Maize Growth

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Beardsell
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Routine Handling

Maize (Zea mays L. cv. XL45) plants were grown from seed in controlled-environment rooms. Twice-daily weighings of the plants and containers for 7 days reduced height, and removing plants from the rooms for two 20-min periods daily for 7 days gave significant reductions in stem and leaf dry weights and total leaf area. Transpiration rates were not affected by either of these treatments. Short-term removal from the rooms (up to 10 min daily) produced no significant reductions in plant characteristics. Measuring leaf lengths daily for 10 days resulted in significant reductions in stem dry weight and plant height. It is suggested that control plants should always be subjected to the same degree of handling as treated plants.

scholarly journals Improving High-Latitude Rice Nitrogen Management with the CERES-Rice Crop Model

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yuxin Miao ◽  
William Batchelor ◽  
Junjun Lu ◽  
Hongye Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Latitude ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
N Management ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Partial Factor

Efficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critically important for China’s food security and sustainable development. Crop models have been widely used to analyze yield variability, assist in N prescriptions, and determine optimum N rates. The objectives of this study were to use the CERES-Rice model to simulate the N response of different high-latitude, adapted flooded rice varieties to different types of weather seasons, and to explore different optimum rice N management strategies with the combinations of rice varieties and types of weather seasons. Field experiments conducted for five N rates and three varieties in Northeast China during 2011–2016 were used to calibrate and evaluate the CERES-Rice model. Historical weather data (1960–2014) were classified into three weather types (cool/normal/warm) based on cumulative growing degree days during the normal growing season for rice. After calibrating the CERES-Rice model for three varieties and five N rates, the model gave good simulations for evaluation seasons for top weight (R2 ≥ 0.96), leaf area index (R2 ≥ 0.64), yield (R2 ≥ 0.71), and plant N uptake (R2 ≥ 0.83). The simulated optimum N rates for the combinations of varieties and weather types ranged from 91 to 119 kg N ha−1 over 55 seasons of weather data and were in agreement with the reported values of the region. Five different N management strategies were evaluated based on farmer practice, regional optimum N rates, and optimum N rates simulated for different combinations of varieties and weather season types over 20 seasons of weather data. The simulated optimum N rate, marginal net return, and N partial factor productivity were sensitive to both variety and type of weather year. Based on the simulations, climate warming would favor the selection of the 12-leaf variety, Longjing 21, which would produce higher yield and marginal returns than the 11-leaf varieties under all the management strategies evaluated. The 12-leaf variety with a longer growing season and higher yield potential would require higher N rates than the 11-leaf varieties. In summary, under warm weather conditions, all the rice varieties would produce higher yield, and thus require higher rates of N fertilizers. Based on simulation results using the past 20 years of weather data, variety-specific N management was a practical strategy to improve N management and N partial factor productivity compared with farmer practice and regional optimum N management in the study region. The CERES-Rice crop growth model can be a useful tool to help farmers select suitable precision N management strategies to improve N-use efficiency and economic returns.

RESPOSTAS MORFOAGRONÔMICAS DE MILHO SUBMETIDO A DESFOLHA ARTIFICIAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
EMERSON TROGELLO ◽  
LUAN FERREIRA BORGES ◽  
FÁBIO ARAÚJO DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
QUÉZIA SANCHES MUTAGUTI ◽  
INGRID GOMIDES BARROS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Removal ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Levels

RESUMO - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características morfoagronômicas do híbrido simples de milho em função da aplicação de diferentes intensidades de desfolha artificial, realizadas no estádio R1 de desenvolvimento. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto Federal Goiano,em Morrinhos-GO, na safra 2015/2016. Foi aplicado o delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo eles: remoção de uma folha acima e uma abaixo da espiga; remoção de duas folhas acima e abaixo da espiga; remoção de três folhas acima e abaixo da espiga; remoção de todas as folhas da planta; remoção de todas as folhas acima da espiga; remoção de todas as folhas abaixo da espiga; remoção da folha da espiga; e testemunha sem desfolha. Os caracteres avaliados foram: estande de plantas, número de plantas acamadas, prolificidade, densidade de colmo, comprimento e diâmetro de espiga, comprimento de grão, massa de mil grãos, massa de grãos espiga-1 e produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade, observando que todas as variáveis avaliadas foram influenciadas quanto aos efeitos dos tratamentos empregados. O enchimento dos grãos esteve intimamente relacionado à fotossíntese. Sem as folhas, esta fase ficou plenamente comprometida.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, fotoassimilados, translocação, índice de área foliar, rendimento. MORPHOAGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ARTIFICIAL DEFOLIATION  ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate of morphoagronomic characteristics of simple hybrids of maize, depending on the application of different intensities of artificial defoliation, carried out in R1, when the style-stigma were fertilized. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of the Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Morrinhos, State of Goiás, Brazil, during the agricultural year 2015/2016. We applied the design of completely randomized block with eight treatments, in four replications: removal of a leaf above and one below the ear; removal of two leaves above and below the ear; removal of three leaves above and below the ear; removal of all leaves of the plant; removal of all leaves above the ear; removal of all leaves below the ear; removal of the leaf of the ear; and control without defoliation. The traits evaluated were stand of plants, number of plant lodging, prolificacy, density, length and diameter of the cob, length of a grain, weight of a thousand grains, grain mass cob-1 and productivity. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance by F test at 5% probability, noting that all variables were influenced as to the effects of the treatments used. The filling of grains is closely related to photosynthesis. Without the leaves, this phase was fully damaged.Keywords: Zea mays L., photoassimilates, translocation, leaf area index, yield.

Impact of privatisation on the financial and economic performance of European airports

2006 ◽  
Vol 110 (1106) ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-A. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Financial Ratio ◽  
Capital Productivity ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Publicly Owned ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

Abstract This paper assesses the financial performance of 35 European airports for the decade 1990 to 2000, comparing those subject to partial or full privatisation with those still in public ownership. In contrast to earlier research, the outcomes of partial factor productivity (PFP), financial ratio (FRA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) are evaluated, in order to investigate differences attributable to the degree of privatisation. Changes in performance after a change in ownership structure are reviewed. The analysis of sample data reveals economically meaningful and statistically significant differences between publicly owned and privatised airports. The major differences lie in operating efficiency, capital productivity and capital structure. Although partially and fully privatised airports operate more efficiently, this does not translate into significantly higher returns on shareholders’ funds. Due to their at least indirectly government-backed credit standing, publicly owned airport companies can assume more debt relative to their respective equity. This results in considerably higher gearing and financial leverage, which compensates for the comparatively low return rate on assets.

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