scholarly journals An Exploratory Study of the Policies and Legislative Perspectives on the End-of-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from the Perspective of Producer Obligation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11154
Author(s):  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
Daniele Marchese ◽  
Matteo Cavalletti ◽  
Robertino Isidori ◽  
Massimo Conti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Second Life ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
Spent Libs

European self-sufficiency in the battery sector is one of the major EU needs. The key lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) materials demand is expected to increase in the next decade as a consequence of the increment in the LIBs production and a massive amount of spent LIBs will flood global markets. Hence, these waste streams would be a potential source of secondary raw materials to be valorized, under the principle of circular economy. European governments first, and then companies in the battery sector second, are addressing many efforts in improving legislation on batteries and accumulators. This study explores the current legislative aspects, the main perspective from the producer’s point of view, and the possibility to guarantee a proper recycle of spent LIBs. A monitoring proposal by means of a survey has been carried out and the Italian context, which has been taken as an example of the European context, and it was used to evaluate the practical implication of the current legislation. The main result of the survey is that a specific identification as well as regulations for LIBs are needed. The benefit from a cradle-to-cradle circular economy is still far from the actual situation but several industrial examples and ongoing European projects show the importance and feasibility of the reuse (e.g., second life) and recycle of LIBs.

scholarly journals Recycling Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Werner ◽  
Urs Alexander Peuker ◽  
Thomas Mütze
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spent Libs

The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is becoming increasingly important with regard to environmental, economic, geostrategic, and health aspects due to the increasing amount of LIB produced, introduced into the market, and being spent in the following years. The recycling itself becomes a challenge to face on one hand the special aspects of LIB-technology and on the other hand to reply to the idea of circular economy. In this paper, we analyze the different recycling concepts for spent LIBs and categorize them according to state-of-the-art schemes of waste treatment technology. Therefore, we structure the different processes into process stages and unit processes. Several recycling technologies are treating spent lithium-ion batteries worldwide focusing on one or several process stages or unit processes.

Recovery methods and regulation status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China: A mini review

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1142-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Siqi ◽  
Li Guangming ◽  
He Wenzhi ◽  
Huang Juwen ◽  
Zhu Haochen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Spent Libs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

Heavy metals such as Co, Li, Mn, Ni, etc. and organic compounds enrich spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These batteries seriously threaten human health and the environment. Meanwhile, with the development of new energy vehicles, the shortage of valuable metal resources which are used as raw materials for power batteries is becoming a serious problem. Using proper methods to recycle spent LIBs can both save resources and protect the environment. Pyrometallury is a kind of recycling method that is operated under high temperature with the aim of recovering useful metals after pre-treatment and organic binder removal with the characteristic of high temperature and it is easy to operate. Hydrometallurgy is characterized by high recovery efficiency, low reaction energy consumption, and high reaction rate, and is widely used in the recycling process of spent LIBs. During biometallurgy, valuable metals in the spent LIBs are extracted by microbial metabolism or microbial acid production processes. Since the drive for green and low secondary pollution, biometallurgy as well as solvent extraction and the electrochemical method have earned more attention during recent years. This mini-review analyzes the relationship between the emergence of new energy vehicles and the recycling status of spent LIBs. Meanwhile, this paper also consists of detailed treatment and recycling methods for LIBs and provides a summary of the management regulations of current waste for LIBs. What is more, the main challenges and further prospects in terms of LIBs management in China are analyzed.

scholarly journals Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: A literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 110500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Mossali ◽  
Nicoletta Picone ◽  
Luca Gentilini ◽  
Olga Rodrìguez ◽  
Juan Manuel Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Lithium Ion

scholarly journals Tackling xEV Battery Chemistry in View of Raw Material Supply Shortfalls

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygu Karabelli ◽  
Steffen Kiemel ◽  
Soumya Singh ◽  
Jan Koller ◽  
Simone Ehrenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
The Impact

The growing number of Electric Vehicles poses a serious challenge at the end-of-life for battery manufacturers and recyclers. Manufacturers need access to strategic or critical materials for the production of a battery system. Recycling of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries may ensure a constant supply of critical materials, thereby closing the material cycle in the context of a circular economy. However, the resource-use per cell and thus its chemistry is constantly changing, due to supply disruption or sharply rising costs of certain raw materials along with higher performance expectations from electric vehicle-batteries. It is vital to further explore the nickel-rich cathodes, as they promise to overcome the resource and cost problems. With this study, we aim to analyze the expected development of dominant cell chemistries of Lithium-Ion Batteries until 2030, followed by an analysis of the raw materials availability. This is accomplished with the help of research studies and additional experts’ survey which defines the scenarios to estimate the battery chemistry evolution and the effect it has on a circular economy. In our results, we will discuss the annual demand for global e-mobility by 2030 and the impact of Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt based cathode chemistries on a sustainable economy. Estimations beyond 2030 are subject to high uncertainty due to the potential market penetration of innovative technologies that are currently under research (e.g. solid-state Lithium-Ion and/or sodium-based batteries).

Recovered spinel MnCo2O4 from spent lithium-ion batteries for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution in alkaline medium

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (41) ◽  
pp. 14382-14392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subramanian Natarajan ◽  
S. Anantharaj ◽  
Rajesh J. Tayade ◽  
Hari C. Bajaj ◽  
Subrata Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Oxygen Evolution ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Spent Libs

The recovery of spinel MnCo2O4 from spent LIBs was achieved by a set of physical and chemical treatments, their employment for water oxidation in alkaline conditions was studied, and it was found that the recovered spinel MnCo2O4 were more effective than recovered monometallic oxides.

Effect of Cu substitution on structures and electrochemical properties of Li[NiCo1−xCuxMn]1/3O2 as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (42) ◽  
pp. 18624-18631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Jin Wu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Zhi-Fang Gao ◽  
Hai-Feng Yue ◽  
Wei-Ming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Cu Substitution ◽  
Metal Doped ◽  
Spent Libs

This study on Cu-doped Li[NiCoMn]1/3O2 provides support for reusing Cu as a beneficial dopant in the production of metal-doped Li[NiCoMn]1/3O2 from spent LIBs.

scholarly journals Recycling and Direct-Regeneration of Cathode Materials from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: Status Quo and Developing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Duan ◽  
Yaru Cui ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Chonghao Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Direct Regeneration ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Co Precipitation

The cathodes of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rich in non-ferrous metals, such as lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co)and manganese (Mn), which are important strategic raw materials and also potential sources of environmental pollution. How to extract these valuable metals cleanly and efficiently from spent cathodes is of great significance for sustainable development of LIBs industry. In the light of low energy consumption, green and high recovery efficiency, this paper provides an overview on different recovery technologies to recycle valuable metals in cathode materials of spent ternary LIBs. And the development trend and application prospects on recovery strategies for cathode materials in spent ternary LIBs are simply predicted also. It is proved that the high economic recovery system of “alkaline solution dissolution/calcination pre-treatment → H2SO4 leaching → H2O2 reduction → co-precipitation regeneration NCM” will be the dominant stream for recycling retired NCM batteries soon. Furthermore, the emerging advanced technologies, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction and one–step direct regeneration/recovery of NCM cathode materials are preferred methods to substitute conventional regeneration system in the future.

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