scholarly journals Production of Biodiesel from Spirogyra elongata, a Common Freshwater Green Algae with High Oil Content

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12737
Author(s):  
Aasma Saeed ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Algae Cultivation ◽  
Biodiesel Standards ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Astm D6751

The need for exploring nonfood low-cost sustainable sources for biodiesel production is ever increasing. Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses in biodiesel production. This study explores S. elongata as a new algal feedstock for the production of biodiesel that does not compete with food production. The major fatty acids identified in S. elongata oil were oleic (30.5%), lauric (29.9%), myristic (17.0%), and palmitic (14.2%) acids. Transesterification to FAME was conducted using basic (KOH), acidic (HCl), and Zeolitic catalysts for assessment. The yields with acidic (54.6%) and zeolitic (72.7%) catalysts were unremarkable during initial screening. The highest biodiesel yield (99.9%) was achieved using KOH, which was obtained with the optimum reaction conditions of 1.0% catalyst, 60 °C, 4 h, and an oil-to-methanol volume ratio of 1:4. The resulting S. elongata oil methyl esters exhibited densities, CNs, and IVs, that were within the ranges specified in the American (ASTM D6751) and European (EN 14214) biodiesel standards, where applicable. In addition, the high SVs and the moderately high CPs and PPs were attributed to the presence of large quantities of short-chain and saturated FAME, respectively. Overall, the composition and properties of FAME prepared from S. elongaae oil indicate that S. elongata is suitable as an alternative algal feedstock for the production of biodiesel.

The use of sulfated tin oxide as solid superacid catalyst for heterogeneous transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Kafuku ◽  
Keat Lee ◽  
Makame Mbarawa
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Standards ◽  
Superacid Catalyst ◽  
Astm D6751 ◽  
Central Composite

AbstractThis work presents the use of sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2-SiO2) as a superacid solid catalyst to produce methyl esters from Jatropha curcas oil. The study was conducted using the design of experiment (DoE), specifically a response surface methodology based on a threevariable central composite design (CCD) with α = 2. The reaction parameters in the parametric study were: reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 h to 3 h), and methanol to oil mole ratio (1: 6 to 1: 24). Production of the esters was conducted using an autoclave nitrogen pressurized reactor equipped with a thermocouple and a magnetic stirrer. The maximum methyl esters yield of 97 mass % was obtained at the reaction conditions: temperature of 180°C, reaction period of 2 h, and methanol to oil mole ratio of 1: 15. The catalyst amount and agitation speed were fixed to 3 mass % and 350–360 min−1, respectively. Properties of the methyl esters obtained fell within the recommended biodiesel standards such as ASTM D6751 (ASTM, 2003).

scholarly journals Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Shafaq Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

Direct Methanolysis of Oleaginous Yeast Biomass (Pseudozyma parantarctica) to Microbial Biodiesel

2017 ◽  
Vol 753 ◽  
pp. 259-263
Author(s):  
Atsdawut Areesirisuk ◽  
Chiu Hsia Chiu ◽  
Tsair Bor Yen ◽  
Jia Hsin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Oleaginous Yeast ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Intracellular Lipids ◽  
Yeast Biomass ◽  
Cellular Lipids ◽  
Astm D6751

In this study, intracellular lipids of a novel oleaginous biomass of P. parantarctica were converted to biodiesel directly using simple acid catalyst methanolysis. The optimum condition of this method was investigated. Under optimum conditions (0.1 M H2SO4, 10 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, and 1:20 (w/v) biomass-to-methanol ratio), the yield of crude biodiesel was 93.18 ± 2.09% based on total cellular lipids. The composition of crude biodiesel was C16:C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for 91.91%. Especially, the C18:1 methyl ester was the main FAME (47.10%). In addition, the result showed that this technique could produce the microbial biodiesel from biomass containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) without soap formation. The predicted cetane number and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were characterized according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Our results indicated that this process produces a good quality biodiesel. Moreover, it can decrease the manufacturing costs of microbial biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass without cell disruption and lipid extraction.

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Investigation of Organic Wastes of Frying Oils and Beef Fats: Valorization for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Souissi ◽  
Meha Alouini ◽  
Wissem Mnif
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Different Sources

The present study investigates the different approaches of biodiesel production by exploiting low cost feedstocks such as organic wastes of frying oils (WFO) and wastes of beef fats (WBF). The aim was to compare not only two different sources of waste raw materials but also different approaches of biodiesel production. Biodiesel which refers to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was produced by both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The characterization of the biodiesel produced by both approaches was performed according to the European standard EN 14214. The results showed that the biological method gave a richer FAME biodiesel through the catalysis of whole-cell lipase. However, for the chemical method, better biodiesel physicochemical properties were observed for the two raw materials. Therefore, it would be interesting to compromise by optimizing the biological biodiesel production approach in order to obtain a better quality in coherence with EN 14214 requirements.

Analysis on Factors Affecting Biodiesel Production Rate Based on Probability Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 1030-1034
Author(s):  
Yi Wei ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Mu Zhang ◽  
Yin Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Biodiesel orthogonal experiments require large amount of experimental data collected and in order to save experimental time, referring to the correlation coefficients analysis in probability theory, the factors which affect the yield of biodiesel are analyzed. Under the same reaction temperature, the range order is as follows: the molar ration of alcohol to oil, the dosage of catalyst and reaction of time. At the same time, it provides theoretical guidance for obtaining optimum reaction conditions .

scholarly journals CHORUME COMO FONTE DE NUTRIENTE NA PRODUÇÃO DA BIOMASSA MICROALGAL

e-xacta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Najla Postaue ◽  
Leila Cristina Moraes ◽  
Rosa Maria Farias Asmus
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Promising Source

A biomassa de microalgas tem apresentado potencial para produção de biodiesel, contudo a viabilidade do cultivo de microalgas depende de fonte de nutrientes de baixo custo. O presente estudo objetivou utilizar o chorume como fonte de nutrientes para microalgas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos visando avaliar a obtenção da biomassa microalgal, conversão de lipídios e rendimento em ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, para os meios de cultivos utilizando 5%, 12% e 20% de chorume, com concentrações de 0,02, 0,05 e 0,08 g N. L-1 e para meio de controle contendo 1% de, Nitrogênio (N), Fósforo (P) e Potássio (K), na concentração de 20 g L-1, 5 g L-1 e 20 g L-1, respectivamente. A microalga utilizada neste trabalho foi a de classe Chlorophyceae e família Coccomyxaceae. Os resultados demonstraram que o meio com concentração de 12% de chorume obteve melhores resultados, possibilitando alcançar 1,19 g de biomassa, conversão de 108,15 mg g-1 de lipídios e conteúdo de ésteres de 410,77mg g-1, a microalga utilizada apresentou ainda predominância dos ácidos graxos palmítico e oleico, apresentando baixa quantidade de ácidos graxos saturados o que pode fornecer ao combustível, resistência ao frio. E tais aspectos demonstraram que o chorume pode ser uma fonte promissora de nutrientes para o cultivo das microalgas estudadas. AbstractMicroalgae biomass has presented potential for biodiesel production, however the viability of microalgae cultivation depends on low cost nutrient source. The present study aimed to use leachate as a source of nutrients for microalgae. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the microalgal biomass, lipid conversion and yield in fatty acid methyl esters, for the culture media using 5%, 12% and 20% leachate, with concentrations of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 g N. L-1 and for control medium containing 1% Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K), at a concentration of 20 g L-1, 5 g L-1 and 20 g L-1, respectively. The microalgae used in this work was Chlorophyceae class and Coccomyxaceae family. The results showed that the medium with a concentration of 12% of leachate obtained better results, allowing to reach 1.19 g of biomass, conversion of 108.15 mg g-1 of lipids and esters content of 410,77 mg g-1. The microalgae used also presented predominance of palmitic and oleic fatty acids, presenting low amount of saturated fatty acids which can provide the fuel with cold resistance. And these aspects demonstrated that the leachate can be a promising source of nutrients for the cultivation of the studied microalgae.

Pretreatment of Herbicides Production Wastewater by Spherical Micro-Electrolysis Media

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Jing Liang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

[Objective] The aim is to study the pretreatment effect of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media. [Method] Spherical micro-electrolysis media is preferred for the pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater and effects of PH, amount of media and reaction time on the pretreatment was investigated. The change of pre- and post-processing herbicides production wastewater was determined; the operation cost was also analyzed. [Result]The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the PH was 3; the amount of media was 1.0kg/L wastewater; and the reaction time was 3.0h. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the removal of COD, Chromaticity and TP reached 26.3%, 86.4% and 95.6% respectively; BOD5/COD varied from 0.10 to 0.35, and the biodegradability was improved greatly; the cost of pretreatment was 1.0yuan/t, and it was lower than that of electrolysis. [Conclusion] The pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media has good effect, low cost and no soiling hardening, so it provides a good foundation for subsequent biological treatment.

Thermodynamic and kinetic approach of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using nano-catalysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Noreen ◽  
Iqra Sahar ◽  
Nasir Masood ◽  
Munawar Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Zahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Nano Catalysts

Abstract This study focusses on the production of biodiesel by reacting the heterogeneous based nano-catalysts with used cooking oil in the presence of methanol. The CZO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterized by different techniques. Biodiesel was characterized by the gas chromatograph (GC) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum conditions for the maximum biodiesel yield (90%) were 0.2% (w/w) catalyst dose, 3:1 methanol to oil ratio, 50 °C reaction temperature, 150 min reaction time and 136 rpm stirring speed. The kinetic modeling and the thermodynamic factors like enthalpy (ΔH), activation energy (Ea), entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) were operated on all the data. Mean and standard deviation was used for analysis of data. The results indicate the maximum biodiesel yield under the optimum reaction conditions, which is promising to reduce the pollution such as air pollution and greenhouse effect for sustainable environmetal development.

Biodiesel production using immobilized lipase supported on a zirconium-pillared clay. Effect of the immobilization method

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Colín-Luna ◽  
E.G. Zamora-Rodea ◽  
M.M. González-Brambila ◽  
E. Barrera-Calva ◽  
R. Rosas-Cedillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Edible Oils ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pillared Clay ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Heterogeneous Phase

AbstractEdible oils, used in restaurants and households, have become a potential source of environmental pollution because their residuals are indiscriminately poured into rivers and lakes. One cost-effective and sustainable way to treat this waste is using this biomass in the production of biofuels, such as biodiesel. The main reactions for obtaining biodiesel are catalyzed in a homogeneous phase, using basic or acid solutions (NaOH or H2SO4, respectively) or in a heterogeneous phase, using a porous material with or without metals. One interesting reaction, owing to its low energy consumption, is carried out using biocatalysts of enzymes immobilized in porous materials. In this work, a porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was immobilized in a zirconium-pillared clay (Zr-PILC) by means of two syntheses: adsorption (PPL/Zr-PILC ADS) and cross-linking (PPL/Zr-PILC CL). The biocatalysts were used in the transesterification of canola oil. The amount of methyl esters was produced in the order Zr-PILC ≈ PPL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC CL ≪ PPL/Zr-PILC ADS. According to these results, the activity and selectivity are a function of the method of synthesis and show the potential of these biocatalysts to transform waste oil in biodiesel at low cost by means of a sustainable process.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document