scholarly journals A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12994
Author(s):  
Marc W. Beutel ◽  
Thomas C. Harmon ◽  
Thomas E. Novotny ◽  
Jeremiah Mock ◽  
Michelle E. Gilmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Tobacco Product Waste

While the impacts of cigarette smoking on human health are widely known, a less recognized impact of tobacco product use and disposal is environmental pollution. This review discusses the current literature related to cigarette and e-cigarette contamination in the context of environmental sources and impacts, with a focus on the documented influences on biota, ranging from bacteria to mammals. Cigarette butts and electronic cigarette components can leach contaminants into soil, water, and air. Cellulose acetate cigarette filters comprising the butts are minimally degradable and are a source of bulk plastic and microplastic pollution, especially in aquatic ecosystems where they tend to accumulate. Cigarette combustion and aerosol production during e-cigarette use result in air contamination from sidestream, exhaled, and thirdhand pathways. The chemical byproducts of tobacco product use contaminate wastewater effluents, landfill leachates, and urban storm drains. The widespread detection of nicotine and cotinine in the environment illustrates the potential for large-scale environmental impacts of tobacco product waste. Studies show that cigarette butt leachate and nicotine are toxic to microbes, plants, benthic organisms, bivalves, zooplankton, fish, and mammals; however, there remain critical knowledge gaps related to the environmental impacts of tobacco product waste on environmental health and ecosystem functioning.

scholarly journals Polytobacco product use among current cigarette smokers in Hong Kong, China: results from population surveys (2015–17)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Chau ◽  
M. P. Wang ◽  
Y. Wu ◽  
D. Y. T. Cheung ◽  
A. Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Polytobacco product use is increasingly popular, but little is known about the prevalence, trend, and factors of such use particularly in non-western countries. Method A representative sample of 1139 current cigarette smokers aged 15+ (84.1% male) were telephone interviewed in Tobacco Control Policy-related Surveys in 2015–2017. Information collected included poly-tobacco use (PTU), smoking and socio-demographic characteristics. Associations of current PTU with related factors were analyzed using logistic regression with adjustment for confounders. Prevalence was weighted by age and sex of current cigarette users in the general population. Results Eighty-four point one percent (95% CI 81.4–86.6%) were exclusive cigarette smokers. Fifteen point nine percent (13.4–18.6%) were current polytobacco product users, 12.3% (10.2–14.8%) used one tobacco product and 2.52% (1.59–3.97%) used two tobacco products in addition to cigarette. Cigarette use with cigar was more common (6.28%, 4.75–8.27%), and the least used product with cigarette was e-cigarette (1.05%, 0.44–2.50%). The changes in overall prevalence of PTU by number of products use varied in 3 years. Current PTU was associated with being male (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.12–3.61), younger age (AORs range from 1.34–4.65, P for trend < .001) and less ready to quit (2.08, 1.09–3.97). Conclusions Prevalence of PTU increased slowly by year, one tobacco product use with cigarette was more common. The most used tobacco product with cigarette was cigar. Being male, younger and less ready to quit were associated with current PTU.

JUUL electronic cigarette use patterns, other tobacco product use, and reasons for use among ever users: Results from a convenience sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor L.S. Leavens ◽  
Elise M. Stevens ◽  
Emma I. Brett ◽  
Emily T. Hébert ◽  
Andrea C. Villanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Reasons For Use

scholarly journals Changes in electronic cigarette use and label awareness among smokers before and after the European Tobacco Products Directive implementation in six European countries: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii62-iii67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
Charis Girvalaki ◽  
Christina N Kyriakos ◽  
Pete Driezen ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Article 20 of the European Tobacco Product Directive (TPD), which went into effect in May 2016, regulates electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the European Union (EU). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in e-cigarette use, design attributes of the products used and awareness of e-cigarette labelling and packaging among smokers from six EU Member States (MS) before and after TPD implementation. Methods Data come from Wave 1 (2016, pre-TPD) and Wave 2 (2018, post-TPD) of the ITC Six European Country Survey among a sample of smokers and recent quitters who use e-cigarettes from six EU MS. Weighted logistic generalized estimating equations regression models were estimated to test the change in binary outcomes between Waves 1 and 2 using SAS-callable SUDAAN. Results In 2018, current daily/weekly e-cigarette use among adult smokers was just over 2%, but this varied from the highest in Greece (4%) to lowest in Poland (1.2%). From Waves 1 to 2, there was a significant increase in respondents reporting noticing and reading health and product safety information on leaflets inside e-cigarette packaging (8.39–11.62%, P &lt; 0.001). There were no significant changes between waves of respondents reporting noticing or reading warning labels on e-cigarette packages/vials. Conclusions e-cigarette use among smokers in these six EU countries is low. Although reported noticing and reading leaflets included in the packaging of e-cigarettes increased significantly from before to after the TPD, there was no significant change in reported noticing and reading of warning labels. Findings indicate the importance of continued monitoring of TPD provisions around e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smoking and Schizophrenia: Etiology, Clinical, Pharmacological, and Treatment Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jack Baichao Ding ◽  
Kevin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Extrapyramidal Side Effects ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Significant Cost

Recent data suggests that the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia remains high. While reports suggest that smoking increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, the potential causative role of smoking in this relationship needs further investigation. Smokers with schizophrenia are more likely to have more intense positive symptoms and lower cognitive function, but diminished intensity of extrapyramidal side effects than nonsmoking patients with schizophrenia. They were also more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviour compared to nonsmokers, which could suggest higher levels of baseline aggression. The significant cost associated with regular tobacco expenditure can detract from investment in key domains. Large-scale trials have shown that pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is effective and does not worsen the risk of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms compared to placebo. Electronic cigarette use among schizophrenia patients is high, and there is emerging evidence supportive of its efficacy. Future improvements include large-scale trials assessing the utility, efficacy, and safety of electronic cigarettes in schizophrenia patients.

scholarly journals Pilot Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Subjective and Contextual Factors Surrounding E-Cigarette and Combustible Tobacco Product Use among Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11005
Author(s):  
Deepa R. Camenga ◽  
Angela M. Haeny ◽  
Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin ◽  
Stephanie S. O’Malley ◽  
Krysten W. Bold
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Cigarette Dependence ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Background: Dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible tobacco products is common in young adults. We aimed to explore how ratings of subjective and contextual factors differed between discrete episodes of e-cigarette use vs. combustible tobacco product smoking among a sample of young adults. Methods: Young adults (N = 29, ages 18–30) who used e-cigarettes and ≥1 combustible tobacco product at least once weekly completed a 1-week smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Twice daily random prompts assessed past-15-min use of tobacco products, ratings of subjective factors (e.g., negative affect, craving), and contextual factors related to activity, location, and companionship. A multivariable GEE model assessed whether subjective or contextual factors were associated with e-cigarette vs. combustible tobacco product episodes. Results: 184 tobacco use episodes were reported (39.7% e-cigarette, 60.3% combustible tobacco product). High baseline cigarette dependence, as measured by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence, was associated with lower odds of e-cigarette vs. combustible tobacco product episodes (aOR 0.01, 95% CI (0.002–0.08); p < 0.001). Neither between- or within-subjects negative affect or craving scores were associated with e-cigarette use. Activities of eating/drinking (aOR 0.20, 95% CI (0.08–0.49); p = 0.001) and being in the companionship of a person who smoked cigarettes (aOR 0.13, 95% CI (0.04–0.43); p = 0.001) were associated with lower odds of e-cigarette vs. combustible tobacco product use episodes. However, traveling (aOR 12.02, 95% CI (3.77–38.26); p ≤ 0.001) and being in a public space (aOR 2.76, 95% CI (1.10–6.96); p = 0.03) were associated with higher odds of e-cigarette than combustible tobacco product use episodes. Conclusions: This pilot data suggests that unique contextual factors may be associated with e-cigarette use, compared to combustible tobacco smoking in a sample of young adults who use both e-cigarettes and combustible tobacco products. Future research with larger samples is needed to better characterize varying contexts and cues for tobacco use among young adults who are dual users.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular autonomic effects of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe D. Garcia ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gornbein ◽  
Holly R. Middlekauff
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Prisma Statement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects

Abstract Purpose Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are the fastest growing tobacco product in the USA, and ECs, like tobacco cigarettes (TCs), have effects on the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system, with clinical implications. The purpose of this review was to collect and synthesize available studies that have investigated the autonomic cardiovascular effects of EC use in humans. Special attention is paid to the acute and chronic effects of ECs, the relative contributions of the nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents in EC emissions and the relative effects of ECs compared to TCs. Methods Using the methodology described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement, we conducted a literature search of the Ovid PubMed and Embase databases on 6 December 2019 using keywords in titles and abstracts of published literature. Acute (minutes to hours) and chronic (days or longer) changes in heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were used as estimates of cardiovascular autonomic effects. Results Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review, all of which used earlier generation EC devices. Acute EC vaping increased HR and BP less than acute TC smoking. Nicotine but not non-nicotine constituents in EC aerosol were responsible for the sympathoexcitatory effects. The results of chronic EC vaping studies were consistent with a chronic sympathoexcitatory effect as estimated by HRV, but this did not translate into chronic increases in HR or BP. Conclusions Electronic cigarettes are sympathoexcitatory. Cardiac sympathoexcitatory effects are less when vaping using the earlier generation ECs than when smoking TCs. Additional studies of the latest pod-like EC devices, which deliver nicotine similarly to a TC, are necessary.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Exposure Among “Dual Users” of Tobacco Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes in Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1259-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine D Czoli ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
Maciej L Goniewicz ◽  
David Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Public Health Authorities

Abstract Introduction “Dual use” refers to the concurrent use of tobacco cigarettes (smoking) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; vaping). Although dual use is common among e-cigarette users, there is little evidence regarding biomarkers of exposure among dual users and how these change under different conditions of product use. Methods A nonblinded within-subjects crossover experiment was conducted with adult daily dual users (n = 48) in Ontario, Canada. Participants completed three consecutive 7-day periods in which the use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes was experimentally manipulated, resulting in four study conditions: Dual use, Tobacco cigarette use, E-cigarette use, and No product use. Repeated measures models were used to examine changes in product use and biomarkers of exposure. Results Compared to dual use, cotinine remained stable when participants exclusively smoked (p = .524), but significantly decreased when they exclusively vaped (p = .027), despite significant increases in e-cigarette consumption (p = .001). Levels of biomarkers of exposure to toxicants, including carbon monoxide (CO), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), were significantly lower when participants exclusively vaped than when they engaged in dual use (CO = −41%, p < .001; 1-HOP = −31%, p = .025; NNAL = −30%, p = .017). Similar findings were observed among participants abstaining from both products as compared to dual use (CO: −26%, p < .001; 1-HOP = −14% [ns]; NNAL = −35%, p = .016). In contrast, levels of biomarkers of exposure increased when participants exclusively smoked as compared to dual use (CO = +21%, p = .029; 1-HOP = +23%, p = .048; NNAL = +8% [ns]). Conclusions Although dual use may reduce exposure to tobacco smoke constituents to some extent, abstaining from smoking is the most effective way to reduce such exposure. Implications Public health authorities should clearly communicate the relative risk of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes to the general public, focusing on two salient points: (1) e-cigarettes are not harmless, but they are less harmful than tobacco cigarettes; and (2) using e-cigarettes while smoking may not necessarily reduce health risks; therefore, consumers should stop smoking completely to maximize potential health benefits.

scholarly journals Shared environmental influences on electronic cigarette use among adolescent and young adult females

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bares ◽  
Catalina Lopez Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Behavioral Genetic

Abstract Introduction Electronic cigarettes are now the most commonly used form of tobacco product among youth in the United States. Current evidence suggests that although e-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful and preferred over combustible cigarettes by adolescents, adolescents who try e-cigarettes are at greater risk of transitioning to combustible cigarettes. The genetic and environmental contributions to liability for e-cigarette use have not yet been examined using a behavioral genetic design. Methods Behavioral genetic models of lifetime and current e-cigarette use and friends who use e-cigarettes were examined among female monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Results A total of 41 female twin pairs (65.9% monozygotic twins; age = 19.7, SD = 1.6) with complete data on the study variables were included in the present analyses. The majority of the sample (68.1%) had at least some friends who use e-cigarettes. Additive genetic effects on e-cigarette use were not present, but the shared environment explained 98.7% of the variance in lifetime e-cigarette use, 96.6% in current e-cigarette use, and 94.9% in affiliation with friends who use e-cigarettes. Conclusion This first study on the behavioral genetics of e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults suggest that environmental factors shared by twins within a family seem to play a predominant role in the initial stages of e-cigarette use, a finding that is consistent with what has been found for tobacco. The findings emphasize the importance of continuing population-based tobacco control interventions to reduce the burden of e-cigarette use among adolescents.

scholarly journals Investigating gateway effects using the PATH study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lee ◽  
John Fry
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Residual Confounding

Background: A recent meta-analysis of nine cohort studies in youths reported that baseline ever e-cigarette use strongly predicted cigarette smoking initiation in the next 6-18 months, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.62 (95% confidence interval 2.42-5.41). A recent e-cigarette review agreed there was substantial evidence for this “gateway effect”. As the number of confounders considered in the studies was limited we investigated whether the effect might have resulted from inadequate adjustment, using Waves 1 and 2 of the US PATH study. Methods: Our main analyses considered Wave 1 never cigarette smokers who, at Wave 2, had data on smoking initiation.We constructed a propensity score for ever e-cigarette use from Wave 1 variables, using this to predict ever cigarette smoking. Sensitivity analyses accounted for other tobacco product use, linked current e-cigarette use to subsequent current smoking, or used propensity scores for ever smoking or ever tobacco product use as predictors. We also considered predictors using data from both waves, attempting to reduce residual confounding from misclassified responses. Results: Adjustment for propensity dramatically reduced the unadjusted OR of 5.70 (4.33-7.50) to 2.48 (1.85-3.31), 2.47 (1.79-3.42) or 1.85 (1.35-2.53), whether adjustment was made as quintiles, as a continuous variable or for the individual variables. Additional adjustment for other tobacco products reduced this last OR to 1.59 (1.14-2.20). Sensitivity analyses confirmed adjustment removed most of the gateway effect. Control for residual confounding also reduced the association. Conclusions: We found that confounding is a major factor, explaining most of the observed gateway effect. However, our analyses are limited by small numbers of new smokers considered and the possibility of over-adjustment if taking up e-cigarettes affects some predictor variables. Further analyses are intended using Wave 3 data to try to minimize these problems, and clarify the extent of any true gateway effect.

scholarly journals Dual Users Compared to Smokers: Demographics, Dependence, and Biomarkers

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1279-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E Piper ◽  
Timothy B Baker ◽  
Neal L Benowitz ◽  
Kate H Kobinsky ◽  
Douglas E Jorenby
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Education Report ◽  
Cigarette Dependence

Abstract Introduction The availability of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has profoundly changed the tobacco product landscape. In the United States, almost 6 million adults use both combustible and e-cigarettes (ie, dual users). The goal of this study was to understand how smokers and dual users differ in terms of demographics, cigarette dependence, and exposure to carcinogens. Methods An observational cohort (smokers, n = 166, ≥5 cigarettes/day for 6 months and no e-cigarette use in 3 months; dual users, n = 256, smoked daily for 3 months and used e-cigarettes at least once/week for the past 3 months) completed baseline assessments of demographics, tobacco use, and dependence. They also provided breath samples for carbon monoxide (CO) assay and urine samples for cotinine, 3-hydroxycotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) assays. Results Compared to smokers, dual users (mean e-cigarette use = 5.5 days/week [SD = 1.9]) were significantly younger and more likely to be white, have more education, report a history of psychiatric co-morbidity, and smoke fewer cigarettes per day. There were no differences in CO, cotinine, or 3-hydroxycotinine levels; however, dual users had significantly lower levels of NNAL than did smokers. Most smokers and dual users had no plans to quit smoking within the next year; 91% of dual users planned to continue using e-cigarettes for at least the next year. Conclusions In this community sample, dual users are supplementing their smoking with e-cigarette use. Dual users, versus smokers, smoked fewer cigarettes per day and delayed their first cigarette of the day, but did not differ in quitting intentions. Implications This comparison of a community sample of established dual users and exclusive smokers addresses key questions of dependence and health risks of dual use in real-world settings. Dual users were more likely to be white, younger, have more than a high school education and have a psychiatric history. Dual users also smoked significantly fewer cigarettes and had lower levels of NNAL (a carcinogen), but they did not differ from exclusive smokers in CO or cotinine levels, suggesting that they supplemented their nicotine intake via e-cigarettes.

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