scholarly journals Effect of Uncertainties in Estimated Carbon Reduction from Deforestation and Forest Degradation on Required Incentive Payments in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jichuan Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Incentive Payments

For reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programs, it is particularly important that monitoring for emission reductions is tied to the revenues a developing country receives from REDD+ projects; any estimated uncertainties will have significant impacts on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme of REDD+. However, the effects of estimated uncertainties on incentives for developing countries have not been deeply discussed in the current literature. To fill this gap, two estimation approaches for emission reductions are introduced by considering the incentive coefficient by the principle of reliable minimum estimation. The relationship between estimated uncertainties and incentive coefficient is simulated to illustrate the effects of estimated uncertainties on the emission reduction estimation and incentive scheme. Data from six tropical developing countries are used, including Nigeria, Honduras, Indonesia, Cambodia, Ghana, and Brazil. The results indicate that both the errors of referential and actual carbon stock must be considered when estimating and predicting emission reductions. The effects of the error of actual carbon stock on the emission reduction estimation and incentive coefficient were determined to be more influential. The current incentive scheme was more favorable to developing countries with high carbon stock variability, while developing countries with low carbon stock variability had insufficient incentives to implement REDD+ project.

ANALYSIS OF LOW-CARBON PRODUCTION CHAINS TOWARDS CHINA'S CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS FOR 2020

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350021 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAN XIA ◽  
YING FAN ◽  
JIE WU
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Transmission Effect ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Electricity Power ◽  
The Cost

Achieving China's carbon reduction targets for 2020 necessitates the consideration of integrated production chains (PCs) given that competition between sectors has been transformed into competition between PCs. This paper establishes an extended input–output (IO) model that calculates the cost multiplier transmission effect of emission reduction in low-carbon production chains (LCPCs). Empirical results show that in relation to PCs, the electricity power industry and urban residents are the key policy points in adjusting China's industrial structure. This paper suggests that policymakers consider the cost multiplier transmission effect imposed by upstream sectors to downstream industries.

scholarly journals Relationship between Carbon Stock and Plant Biodiversity in Collaborative Forests in Terai, Nepal

ISRN Botany ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Asheshwar Mandal ◽  
Ishwar Chandra Dutta ◽  
Pramod Kumar Jha ◽  
Siddhibir Karmacharya
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Relationship

Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programme has prime concern to carbon stock enhancement rather than biodiversity conservation. Participatory managed forest has been preparing to get benefit under this programme, and collaborative forest is one of them in Nepal. Hence, this research is intended to assess the relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity. Three collaborative forests (CFMs) were selected as study sites in Mahottari district, Nepal. Altogether 96 sample plots were established applying stratified random sampling. The plot size for tree was 20 m × 25 m. Similarly, other concentric plots were established. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured, species were counted, and soil samples were collected from 0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, and 0.3–0.6 m depths. The biomass was calculated using equation of Chave et al. and converted into carbon, soil carbon was analyzed in laboratory, and plant biodiversity was calculated. Then, relation between carbon stock and biodiversity was developed. Estimated carbon stocks were 197.10, 222.58, and 274.66 ton ha−1 in Banke-Maraha, Tuteshwarnath, and Gadhanta-Bardibas CFMs, respectively. The values of Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index ranged 2.21–2.33. Any significant relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity, and was not found hence REDD+ programme should emphasize on biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals Low-Carbon Operation of a Multi-Energy System with Hydrogen-Based Vehicle Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Mei ◽  
Christopher Lee ◽  
James L. Kirtley
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimal Scheduling ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Operation Cost ◽  
Energy Infrastructures

In order to cope with the challenges of improving energy efficiency, increasing the integration of renewable energy, and achieving carbon emission reduction, multi-energy systems have received more and more attention in recent years and have been developing rapidly. Traditionally, different energy infrastructures are usually scheduled and operated independently, which leads to inefficient use of energy and waste of resources. By integrating into a multi-energy system, different energy infrastructures can be coupled and optimized into one unit. In this article, from a low-carbon point of view, the optimal scheduling of a real multi-energy system with hydrogen-based vehicle applications is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed optimal scheduling can help quantify the daily operation cost and carbon emissions and achieve considerably operation cost saving and carbon reduction by reasonably arranging and utilizing all the devices in the system.

scholarly journals Long-Term Climate Treaties with a Refunding Club

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Gersbach ◽  
Noemi Hummel ◽  
Ralph Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Grand Coalition ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Voluntary Compliance ◽  
Emission Reduction Target

AbstractWe show that an appropriately-designed “Refunding Club” can simultaneously solve both free-riding problems in mitigating climate change—participating in a coalition with an emission reduction target and enduring voluntary compliance with the target once the coalition has been formed. Countries in the Club pay an initial fee into a fund that is invested in assets. In each period, part of the fund is distributed among the Club members in relation to the emission reductions they have achieved, suitably rescaled by a weighting factor. We show that an appropriate refunding scheme can implement any feasible abatement path a Club wants to implement. The contributions to the initial fund can be used to disentangle efficiency and distributional concerns and/or to make a coalition stable. Making the grand coalition stable in the so-called “modesty approach” requires less than 0.5% of World GDP. Finally, we suggest ways to foster initial participation, to incorporate equity concerns with regard to developing countries, and ways to ease the burden to fill the initial fund.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Game Theoretic Analysis for Emission Reduction and Promotion in Low-Carbon Supply Chains

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiyun Yuan ◽  
Longfei He ◽  
Bingmei Gu ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Game Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Evolutionary Stable Strategies ◽  
Game Theoretic

Aiming at exploring the interplay principles of operations strategies among members of dvertising and emission reduction cost sharing contracts and coordination in low-carbon sulow-carbon supply chain, as well as their impact on system performance, we develop an evolutionary game model to capture emission reduction and low-carbon promotion actions, which are typically conducted by one manufacturer and one retailer in every two-echelon supply chain, respectively. We exploit the evolutionary game model to analyze players’ behavioral patterns of their interacting strategies, whereby we attain the evolutionary stable strategies and their associated existing preconditions under various scenarios. We acquire a number of managerial insights, and particularly find that the evolutionary stable strategies of the channel carbon reduction and promotion are remarkably influenced by incremental profits resulted from causes, such as every player’s unilateral participation in emission reduction. In addition, we investigate a player’s free-rider opportunistic practice in cooperative carbon reduction and joint participation in emission reduction. However, the magnitude of profit increment will heavily influence the result of Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS). Finally, the extensive computational studies enable us to verify the effectiveness of preceding models.

scholarly journals Perception of Embodied Carbon Mitigation Strategies: The Case of Sri Lankan Construction Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3030
Author(s):  
Lebunu Hewage Udara Willhelm Abeydeera ◽  
Jayantha Wadu Mesthrige ◽  
Tharushi Imalka Samarasinghalage
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Mitigation ◽  
Embodied Carbon ◽  
The Government

Whilst operational carbon (OC) emission reduction has received greater attention in the literature, embodied carbon (EC) emission reduction aspect has been largely neglected. This is particularly seen in developing countries. This study assessed the awareness and perception of carbon emission in general and EC emission reduction strategies in particular in the Sri Lankan construction industry. A detailed questionnaire, based on a comprehensive literature review, was developed to assess the awareness and perception of the Sri Lankan construction professionals about global carbon emissions, OC emissions, and EC emissions and carbon mitigation strategies. Based on a sample of 111 professionals in the construction sector, results revealed that the Sri Lankan construction professionals have poor awareness about carbon emission, especially about EC emission and EC mitigation strategies. The results further revealed that they are more concerned about the OC emission reduction than the EC emission reduction. The results suggest that they are basically aware of some basic/conventional mitigation strategies such as better design (low-carbon), an extension of building life and refurbishment of existing buildings and carbon tax, but their awareness of recently introduced micro-level technologies/strategies is significantly poor. Findings are a clear reflection of the current situation in many developing countries with regard to carbon emission and mitigation strategies. It was found that a major reason for low awareness was related to the culture: The majority of the respondents believed that actions to reduce carbon footprint should be initiated and handled by the government and other authorities, but not by construction professionals.

scholarly journals Equilibrium between Road Traffic Congestion and Low-Carbon Economy: A Case Study from Beijing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxia Yang ◽  
Yu Ji ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Jing Fu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Road Traffic Congestion ◽  
Carbon Economy

China has allocated low-carbon targets into all regions and trades, and road traffic also has its own emission reduction targets. Congestion may increase carbon emissions from road traffic. It is worthwhile to study whether it is possible to achieve the goal of road traffic reduction by controlling congestion; that is, to achieve the equilibrium between traffic congestion and a low-carbon economy. The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the innovative topic selection, the introduction of a traffic index, and the establishment of the first traffic congestion and low-carbon economic equilibrium model. First, the relevant calculation method of the traffic index is introduced, and the traffic index is used to quantify the traffic congestion degree. Using the traffic index, GDP, and road passenger traffic volume, a nonlinear regression model of road traffic carbon emissions is constructed. Then, the calculation method of the carbon emission intensity of road traffic in the region is proposed. The equilibrium model of traffic congestion and a low-carbon economy is constructed to look for the degree of road traffic congestion that may occur under the permitted carbon emission intensity. Taking Beijing, where electric vehicles account for less than 3% of the total vehicles, as an example, it is difficult to achieve the equilibrium target between road traffic congestion and a low-carbon economy by alleviating traffic congestion in 2020. If the target of traffic carbon emission reduction in 2020 is adjusted from 40%–45% to 19.7% based on 2005, the equilibrium will be achieved. A negative correlation between road traffic carbon emissions and the reciprocal of the traffic index (1/TI) is found after eliminating the effects of GDP and PTV (road passenger traffic volume). As the traffic index decreases by units, the carbon emission reduction accelerates. The results show that carbon reduction targets cannot be simply allocated to various industries. The results of the research on the degree of the impact of traffic congestion on carbon emissions can be used as a basis for carbon reduction decisions of the traffic sector. The research method of this paper can provide a reference for the study of the equilibrium of traffic congestion and a low-carbon economy in other regions.

Road to Paris: The Changed and Unchanged in International Responsibility System

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650006
Author(s):  
Jiahua PAN ◽  
Mou WANG ◽  
Yongxiang ZHANG ◽  
Zhe LIU ◽  
Xiaodan WU
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Responsibility System

Since the conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, a number of adjustments have been made in the patterns of international economy, trade, emissions, etc. Developing countries have increased rapidly in their share in global economy, trade as well as emissions, which led to some Parties to the Convention, mainly developed country Parties, faltering on their recognition of the responsibility system of the global response to climate change, and requiring developing countries to undertake responsibility for emission reduction and even financial assistance, intending to transfer obligations and costs in coping with climate change to developing countries. In fact, although the share of developing countries has increased in global economy, trade and emissions, the basic pattern that developed countries account for the absolute majority in cumulative CO2 emissions and control the international financial, trading, technology, and standard systems has not changed. The international responsibility system to deal with climate change has not changed fundamentally, either. Developed countries should continue to lead the global climate initiative, and provide financial and technical assistance to developing countries; developing countries should also take the path of low-carbon development while actively making full use of support from the international community in poverty alleviation and development process. At the Paris Climate Change Conference, Parties should participate in the negotiations with a constructive attitude, actively make planning and implement emission reduction actions, as well as build a fair and efficient financial mechanism, to promote climate-friendly technologies worldwide, establish an open and cooperative international trading system, and jointly facilitate the international cooperation on tackling climate change as a new momentum for global economic growth, so as to protect global climate security.

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