scholarly journals Phytotoxins Produced by Two Biscogniauxia rosacearum Strains, Causal Agents of Grapevine Trunk Diseases, and Charcoal Canker of Oak Trees in Iran

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Marco Masi ◽  
Samaneh Bashiri ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
Zeinab Bahmani ◽  
Jafar Abdollahzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Specific Optical Rotation ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Sar Study ◽  
First Time

Biscogniauxia rosacearum, recognized for the first time as a pathogen involved in grapevine trunk diseases in Paveh (west of Iran) vineyards, produced meso-2,3-butanediol (1) as the only phytotoxin. Nectriapyrone (2), (3R)-5-methylmellein (3), (3R)-5-methyl-6-methoxymellein (4), and tyrosol (5) were instead produced as phytotoxins from a strain of the same fungus isolated from oak trees in Zagros forests of Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah Province. They were identified comparing their 1H and 13C NMR, ESIMS, and specific optical rotation data with those already reported in the literature. The phytotoxicity of metabolites (1–5) was estimated by leaf puncture assay on Quercus ilex L. and Hedera helix L., and by leaf absorption assay on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) at a concentration of 5 × 10−3 and 10−3 M. Tested on grapevine, meso-2,3-butanediol (1) and (3R)-5-methyl-6-methoxymellein (4) resulted to be the most phytotoxic compounds. On Q. ilex, nectriapyrone (2) and tyrosol (5) showed severe necrosis at the highest concentration while none of the compounds (1–5) was active on H. helix. Furthermore, the phytotoxicity of compounds 3 and 4 was also compared with that of some related natural melleins to perform a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. The results of this study were also discussed.

scholarly journals Biscogniauxia rosacearum the charcoal canker agent as a pathogen associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Zagros region of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Bahmani ◽  
Jafar Abdollahzadeh ◽  
Jahanshir Amini ◽  
Antonio Evidente
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
First Time ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Zagros Region

AbstractGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are well-known and significant fungal diseases of Vitis vinifera with a worldwide distribution. During August to November 2016 in a survey to characterize fungi associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Kermanshah Province (west of Iran) vineyards, 286 fungal isolates were obtained. Based on morphology and DNA sequences data eight species were identified, of which Biscogniauxia rosacearum, Neoscytalidium hyalinum and Phaeoacremonium minimum were the most aggressive fungal pathogenic species characterized in this research. N. hyalinum was the most prevalent species. N. hyalinum and Ph. minimum have previously been reported from Vitis vinifera. Thus far, there are two records of Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Biscogniauxia capnodes on grapevine in the world with no data on pathology aspects. To our knowledge, it is the first time B. rosacearum is reported from grapevine across the globe. Pathogenicity test with three strains of B. rosacearum on 2-year-old potted grapevines confirmed the pathogenicity of B. rosacearum on grapevine. The proximity of vineyards to the oak trees in Zagros forests as one of the plant hosts of Biscogniauxia spp. further highlights the need for extensive studies on B. rosacearum as a new fungal pathogen.

scholarly journals First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Croatia

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1656-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kaliternam ◽  
T. Milicevic ◽  
D. Bencic ◽  
B. Duralija
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

In September 2010, during survey of diseased grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in vineyards at localities Zmajevac (BZ), Orahovica (SO), Cilipi (KC), and Novalja (PN), symptoms characteristic of grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) (3) were observed, showing on cross-sectioned cordons and trunks as brown, wedge-shaped perennial cankers and/or dark streaking of the wood. In Croatia, these symptoms were traditionally associated with Eutypa Tul. & C.Tul. and with fungi from Diaporthaceae (2). From affected grapevines (cvs. Grasevina, Pinot bijeli, Malvazija dubrovacka, and Gegic), samples of symptomatic cordons and trunks were collected (n ≥ 35). To isolate the causal agents from the samples, woodchips of symptomatic tissue, surface-sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin sulphate (50 μg/ml) and incubated for 7 days at 25°C in darkness. A percentage of samples (72, 15, 27, and 54% from BZ, SO, KC, and PN, respectively) yielded fungal colonies with abundant aerial mycelium, initially white, but turning olivaceous grey after 5 days. From these colonies, monohyphal isolates were obtained and pycnidial formation stimulated by cultivation on 2% water agar with stems of plant species Foeniculum vulgare Mill. at 25°C under diffuse light for 3 weeks. Pycnidia contained conidia that were hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid with round apices and truncated bases, and thin walled with smooth surface. Dimensions of conidia (n ≥ 50) were (12.8) 15.3 ± 1.4 (17.6) × (5.4) 6.3 ± 0.8 (7.6) μm, with length/width ratio (2.0) 2.5 ± 0.5 (3.2). Based on morphological data, species Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips was suspected (1). For molecular identification, isolates BZ330, SO334, KC342, and PN121 were used for PCR to amplify internal transcribed spacer region and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, using primers ITS5/ITS4 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively. Obtained sequences were shown to be identical between the four isolates (GenBank: KF296318, KF296319) and when compared with sequences for reference N. parvum isolate CMW9080 (AY236942, AY236887) they showed >99% homology, confirming the isolates as species N. parvum. Pathogenicity tests were done by inoculation of detached green shoots (GS) and lignified canes (LC) (n = 5) of grapevine cv. Skrlet by either mycelial plugs of the same four isolates, or sterile agar plugs for the controls. Inoculated GS were kept in flasks with sterile water in a glasshouse for 10 days, and LC in humid dark chambers for 30 days, at 25°C. Resulting vascular necrosis measured 62 to 81 mm (GS) and 215 to 246 mm (LC), but was absent on controls. Koch's postulates were satisfied by successful reisolation of N. parvum only from plants inoculated with mycelial plugs. N. parvum has been recognized as a serious grapevine pathogen, causing similar symptoms worldwide (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum associated with GTD in Croatia, and due to its relatively high incidence at surveyed localities, it could present considerable threat, particularly for neighboring vine growing regions. Diplodia seriata De Not., a weak pathogen (3), was also identified from a percentage of samples in this survey. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) J. Kaliterna et al. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 63:471, 2012. (3) J. R. Urbez-Torres. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50(Suppl.):S5, 2011.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Soldiers of the Brazilian Termite Species, Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Isoptera: Natutitermitinae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300800
Author(s):  
Márcia N. S. de la Cruz ◽  
Helvécio M. S. Júnior ◽  
Denilson F. Oliveira ◽  
Letícia V. Costa-Lotufo ◽  
Antonio G. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Specific Optical Rotation ◽  
Frontal Gland ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
First Time ◽  
Termite Soldiers

The defensive secretion of the frontal gland from termite soldiers is a mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, the latter being the most representative. Analyses of the dichloromethane extract from soldiers of the Brazilian termite, Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Silvestri, 1903) (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae), described for the first time, allowed to identify the presence of two monoterpenes (α-pinene and limonene) and two sesquiterpenes (β-trans- caryophyllene and α-selinene) by GC-EIMS, and the isolation of one rippertane and six trinervitane diterpenes by RP-HPLC. The chemical structures of the purified compounds were elucidated by interpretation of their spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, EIMS, HRESIMS, and specific optical rotation) and the complete unequivocal assignment of the 3α-hydroxy-trinervita-1(15),8(19)-dien-2-one (6) was included in this paper, to complement the lack of information in the literature. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines activities were evaluated. In particular, the compounds 2α,3β-dihydroxy- trinervita-1(15),8(19)-diene (2) and 3α-hydroxy-15-rippertene (7) exhibited the better activities against the clinically isolated Gram-positive bacterium methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus BMB 9393, both with a MIC value of 31.2 μg mL−1. This is the first description of a rippertane diterpene (7) as an antibacterial agent.

scholarly journals First Report of Cryptovalsa ampelina and Eutypella leprosa Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Chile

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Díaz ◽  
D. Prehn ◽  
B. A. Latorre
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Agar Plug ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Trunk diseases (TD) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) have increased considerably in Chile with an incidence of more than 25% found in ≥7-year-old vineyards. Only species of Botryosphaeriaceae, Phaeoacremonium, and Phaeomoniella were associated with TD in Chile (1,2). From 2009 to 2010, isolations were made from the grapevines ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Carmenere’, ‘Flame Seedless’, and ‘Pinot Noir’ collected in central Chile (33°27′ to 34°39′S, 71°17′ to 71°33′W). These grapevines showed cankers and vascular necrosis of trunks, arms, and spurs along with a general decline and dieback. Isolations were performed in potato dextrose agar (PDA) plus 0.005% tetracycline, 0.01% streptomycin, and 0.1% Igepal CO-630 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), for 14 days at 20°C. On the basis of colony morphology and conidia production, two Libertella-like species were obtained in 26 (7.8%) of 335 trunk samples. On the basis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS4 and ITS5) of rDNA, Cryptovalsa ampelina (Nitschke) Fuckel (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ694976 and HQ694977), and Eutypella leprosa (Persoon) Berlese (HQ694974 and HQ694975) were identified, showing 98 to 100% similarity with the sequences of C. ampelina (GQ293913) and E. leprosa (AJ302463.1). C. ampelina produced white-to-creamy, smooth colonies with a creamy underside. Colonies of E. leprosa were white-to-gray with a white underside. Orange conidial masses were exuded after 30 days at 20°C. Conidia on PDA (n = 20) were unicellular, hyaline, filiform, slightly curved, and (19.8) 23.4 ± 2.6 (28.3) × (1.1) 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.8) μm and (19.2) 23.9 ± 3.0 (27.6) × (1.0) 1.2 ± 0.1 (1.5) μm for E. leprosa and C. ampelina, respectively. Stromatic perithecia of C. ampelina, embedded in the bark, were observed in dead pruning residues of infected vines (4). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with two isolates of each species, on 30-day-old ‘Carmenere’, rooted in vitro (n = 12), that were inoculated by placing a 5-mm agar plug on the surface of the propagation medium. Additionally, 15 cm long pieces (n = 5) of 1-year-old canes from ‘Carmenere’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Red Globe’ were inoculated by placing a 5-mm agar plug underneath a cut aseptically made in each cane. An equal number of noninoculated plants and canes, but treated with sterile agar plugs, were used as controls. Leaf number (LN), shoot length (SL), and root length (RL) were assessed on plants in vitro after 28 days at 20°C. The extent of vascular discoloration (VD) obtained in canes was determined after 45 days in humid chambers at 20°C. One-way analysis of variance was performed and mean differences were studied by Tukey's test. C. ampelina and E. leprosa significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the LN, SL, and RL relative to the control plants. They also caused a VD of 10.1, 11.6, and 9.8 mm and 11.2, 13.4, and 10.0 mm in ‘Carmenere’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Red Globe’, respectively. No symptoms were observed on the control canes. C. ampelina (100%) and E. leprosa (75%) were reisolated from inoculated plants and canes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. ampelina and E. leprosa on grapevines in Chile. However, their relative importance as causal agent of trunk disease remains to be determined. C. ampelina and E. leprosa have been associated with grapevine cankers in the United States and Spain (3,4). References: (1) J. Auger et al. Plant Dis. 88:1285, 2004. (2) J. Auger et al. Plant Dis. 88:1286, 2004. (3) M. T. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 93:545, 2009. (4) F. P. Trouillas et al. Mycologia 102:319, 2010.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Reveglia ◽  
Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽  
Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Conjugate Complexes of Chitosan and Urtica dioica or Equisetum arvense Extracts for the Control of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Natalia Langa-Lomba ◽  
Laura Buzón-Durán ◽  
Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽  
José Casanova-Gascón ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Equisetum Arvense ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Synergistic Behavior ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Basic Substances

In the work presented herein, we analyze the efficacy of three basic substances that comply with European Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, namely chitosan, horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) and nettle (Urtica dioica L.), for the control of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in organic farming. The E. arvense and U. dioica aqueous extracts, prepared according to SANCO/12386/2013 and SANTE/11809/2016, have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying their main active constituents. The three basic substances, either alone or in combination (forming conjugate complexes), have been tested in vitro against eight Botryosphaeriaceae species, and in vivo, in grafted plants artificially inoculated with Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata. A clear synergistic behavior between chitosan and the two plant extracts has been observed in the mycelial growth inhibition tests (resulting in EC90 values as low as 208 μg·mL−1 for some of the isolates), and statistically significant differences have been found in terms of vascular necroses lengths between treated and non-treated plants, providing further evidence of aforementioned synergism in the case of D. seriata. The reported data supports the possibility of extending the applications of these three basic substances in Viticulture beyond the treatment of mildew.

The compositional turnover of grapevine-associated plant pathogenic fungal communities are greater among intraindividual microhabitats and terroirs than among healthy and Esca-diseased plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienn Geiger ◽  
Zoltán Karácsony ◽  
Richárd Golen ◽  
Kálmán Zoltán Váczy ◽  
József Geml
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Dna Metabarcoding ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Key Questions

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are a major threat to the wine industry, causing yield loss and dieback of grapevines. While the increasing damage caused by GTDs in recent decades have spurred several studies on grapevine-associated pathogenic fungi, key questions about the emergence and severity of GTDs remain unanswered, including possible differences in plant pathogenic fungal communities in asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines. We generated fungal DNA metabarcoding data from soil, bark, and perennial wood samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines sampled in three terroirs. We observed larger compositional differences in plant pathogenic fungi among different plants parts within grapevine plants than among individual grapevines. This is driven by the dominance of GTD-associated fungi in perennial wood and non-GTD pathogens in soil, as well as by the lack of significant differences among asymptomatic and Esca symptomatic grapevines. These results suggest that fungi generally associated with Esca disease belong to the core grapevine microbiome and likely are commensal endophytes and/or latent saprotrophs, some of which can act as opportunistic pathogens on stressed plants. In addition, we found significant compositional differences among sampling sites, particularly in soil, which suggest a certain influence of local edaphic and mesclimatic factors on plant pathogenic fungal communities. Furthermore, the observed differences among terroirs in plant pathogenic fungal communities in grapevine woody parts indicate that environmental factors likely are important for the development of Esca disease and further studies are needed to investigate the abiotic conditions on fungal compositional dynamics in Esca-affected plants.

scholarly journals Immunochemical studies on blood groups LXII. Fractionation of hog and human A, H, and AH blood group active substance on insoluble immunoadsorbents of Dolichos and Lotus lectins.

1976 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Pereira ◽  
E A Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Gastric Mucin ◽  
Specific Optical Rotation ◽  
Dolichos Biflorus ◽  
Blood Group A ◽  
Analytical Properties ◽  
Group Substance ◽  
Group A

The purified lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus and Dolichos biflorus were coupled to Sepharose 2B to make insoluble adsorbents for purification and fractionation of blood group A and H active glycoproteins. With both adsorbents, hog gastric mucin A + H blood substance (HGM), purified by phenol-ethanol precipitation, yielded fractions showing only A, only H, or AH activities. The AH fraction was obtained when the adsorbent column was overloaded with HGM and its A and H specificities seem to be carried on the same molecules since they were not separable by chromatography on either column. However A and H specificities of blood group substance from the stomach of a presumably heterozygous individual hog were both on the same molecules as they too could not be fractionated on either column. Analytical properties of the isolated fractions were generally similar to those of the unfractionated material, the purfied A substances had a higher galactosamine/fucose ratio than did the H substances. Although the original A + H showed very little specific optical rotation, the separated A and H substances rotated positively and negatively, respectively. The lectin-Sepharose adsorbents have also proven useful in isolating A or H substances directly from the crude commercial hog gastric mucin. Blood group A2 substance from a human ovarian cyst yielded two fractions on the Lotus-Sepharose column; the effluent did not interact with the Lotus lectin but precipitated the Ulex and Dolichos lectins and anti-A, and appears to contain type 1 H determinants. The other fraction reacted with Lotus and Ulex lectin as well as with Dolichos and anti-A.

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