scholarly journals Structure Elucidation and Toxicity Analysis of the Byproducts Formed after Biodegradation of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 Using Extracts of Mentha arvensis

Toxins ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Tehmina Anjum ◽  
Wajiha Iram ◽  
Mazhar Iqbal ◽  
Mateen Abbas ◽  
Waheed Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Mentha Arvensis ◽  
Brine Shrimps ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Toxicity Analysis ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Optimized Conditions

The aqueous extracts of leaves and shoots of Mentha arvensis were checked for their potential to biodegrade aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 µg/L and AFB2; 50 µg/L) through in vitro assays. Overall, the results showed that leaf extract degrades aflatoxins more efficiently than the shoot extract. First, the pH, temperature and incubation time were optimized for maximum degradation by observing this activity at different temperatures between 25 and 60 °C, pH between 2 and 10 and incubation time from 3 to 72 h. In general, an increase in all these parameters significantly increased the percentage of biodegradation. In vitro trials on mature maize stock were performed under optimized conditions, i.e., pH 8, temperature 30 °C and an incubation period of 72 h. The leaf extract resulted in 75% and 80% biodegradation of AFB1 and AFB2, respectively. Whereas the shoot extract degraded both toxins up to 40–48%. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products by LCMS/MS analysis showed seven degraded products of AFB1 and three of AFB2. MS/MS spectra showed that most of the products were formed by the loss of the methoxy group from the side chain of the benzene ring, the removal of the double bond in the terminal furan ring and the modification of the lactone group, indicating less toxicity compared to the parent compounds. The degraded products showed low toxicity against brine shrimps, confirming that M. arvensis leaf extract has significant potential to biodegrade aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis, Antimicrobial, insecticidal and antiradical activity of Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Prashith Kekuda TR ◽  
Dunkana Negussa Kenie ◽  
Chetan DM ◽  
Raghavendra L Hallur
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antiradical Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Bioactive Agents

<p><strong>Objectives</strong>: The present study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial, insecticidal and radical scavenging activity of leaf extract of <em>Hydnocarpus pentandra</em> (Buch.-Ham.) Oken belonging to the family Achariaceae.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Extraction process of shade dried and powdered leaf was carried out by maceration technique. Extract was screened for phytochemicals by standard tests. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of leaf extract was determined by Agar well diffusion and Poisoned food technique respectively. Antiradical activity of leaf extract was evaluated by two in vitro assays namely 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Insecticidal activity of leaf extract was determined against II instar and IV instar larvae of <em>Aedes aegypti</em>.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, triterpenes and steroids in the leaf extract. Leaf extract exhibited marked inhibitory activity against Gram positive bacteria when compared to Gram negative bacteria. <em>Bacillus cereus</em> (zone of inhibition 1.86±0.05cm) and <em>Escherichia coli</em> (zone of inhibition 1.06±0.05cm) were inhibited to highest and least extent respectively. Extract was effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of seed-borne fungi. Among fungi, the susceptibility to extract was in the order: <em>Curvularia</em> sp. (53.64% inhibition) &gt; <em>Fusarium</em> sp. (45.81% inhibition) &gt; <em>Alternaria</em> sp. (35.08% inhibition). The extract exhibited concentration dependent larvicidal activity with marked activity being observed against II instar larvae (LC<sub>50</sub> value 0.79mg/ml) when compared to IV instar larvae (LC<sub>50</sub> value 1.37mg/ml). Leaf extract scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals dose dependently with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 13.91µg/ml and 6.03µg/ml respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The plant is shown to be an important source of bioactive agents. The observed bioactivities could be attributed to the phytochemicals present in the leaf extract. Further studies on characterization and bioactivity determination of isolated components from leaf extract are to be carried out.</p>

scholarly journals Inhibition of cPLA2 and sPLA2 Activities in Primary Cultures of Rat Cortical Neurons by Centella asiatica Water Extract

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia P. Defillipo ◽  
André H. Raposo ◽  
Alessandra G. Fedoce ◽  
Aline S. Ferreira ◽  
Hudson C. Polonini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Rat Cortical Neurons ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
The Brain

Leaf extract of Centella asiatica has been used as an alternative medicine for memory improvement in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for a long time. Although several studies have revealed its effect in ameliorating the cognitive impairment in rat models of Alzheimer's disease, the molecular mechanism of C. asiatica on neuroprotection still remains unexplained. In this study, we investigated the effects of C. asiatica water extract on activity of subtypes of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons and quantified by HPLC a possible molecule responsible for the activity. The cPLA2 and sPLA2 activities were inhibited in vitro by asiaticoside present in the water extract of C. asiatica. This extract may be a candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative processes because of its pharmacological activity in the brain and its low toxicity, as attested by its long popular use as a natural product.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extracts of Harpagophytum Zeyheri and Their Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity Activity Compared With Diclofenac.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibonokuhle F. Ncube ◽  
Lyndy J. McGaw ◽  
Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya ◽  
Hilton G.T. Ndagurwa ◽  
Peter J. Mundy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Cytotoxicity Activity ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Abstract Background This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and comparison of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Harpagopytum zeyheri with diclofenac. Methods In vitro assays were conducted using water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of H.zeyheri. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2'- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as well as cytokine (TNF-α and IL-10) expression on LPS-induced U937 human macrophages. For cytotoxicity, cell viability was determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results The ethyl acetate extract had the lowest IC50 values in the DPPH (5.91µg/ml) and ABTS (20.5µg/ml) assay compared to other extracts. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extracts effectively inhibited NO and TNF-α and proved to be comparable to diclofenac at some concentrations. All extracts of H. zeyheri displayed dose dependent activity and were associated with low levels of human-IL-10 expression compared to quercetin. Furthermore, all extracts displayed low toxicity relative to diclofenac. Conclusions These findings show that H. zeyheri has significant antioxidant activity. Additionally, similarities exist in inflammatory activity of H. zeyheri to diclofenac at some concentrations as well as low toxicity in comparison to diclofenac.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott could be Attributed to The Abundance of Polyphenol Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Earnest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie ◽  
Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe ◽  
Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku ◽  
Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli ◽  
Peter Maduabuchi Eze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Dryopteris filix mas (D filix-mas) is wildly used in ethnomedicine for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, wounds and other diseases. We investigated the anti-oxidant activities of its leaf extract, and chromatographic fractions. The ethanol leaf extract was partitioned into four fractions; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging in vitro assays were carried out on the extract and fractions at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/mL. The most active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) was further purified using chromatographic techniques to isolate its major compound whose structure was elucidated using ID nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate fraction produced the highest free radical scavenging activity among the other fractions. The fraction (VLC-E7) from which the bioactive compound, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside, was isolated had the best FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities with EC50 and IC50 values of 88.81 ± 3.41 and 26.87 ± 0.24 respectively more than the ethyl acetate fraction. This study revealed that the polyphenol flavonoid, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside could be responsible for antioxidant activity of ethno-medicinal property of D filix-mas leaf.

scholarly journals In-vitro anti-malarial activity of Chikadoma plant from the rainforest of Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 251-254
Author(s):  
CE Okolo ◽  
LK Eban ◽  
LU Amazu ◽  
LC Chukwu ◽  
SC Ohadoma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Tropical Disease ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
In Vitro Test

Background: Malaria remains a life-threatening tropical disease. Due to the development of resistance to the commonly available orthodox antimalarials which of course, poses a great challenge in malaria-controlling-program, alternative and complementary approach becomes imperative thereby making phytotherapy a research focus. Objectives: To investigate the effect of chikadoma plant using its methanol leaf extract against a plasmodium-mediated tropical disease, malaria. Materials and Methods: The culture samples of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum from 20 symptomatic adult outpatients were used in the antimalarial in-vitro test. For cultivation of P. falciparum, the culture medium employed was Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640. Optical microscopy was used for parasite quantification in the performance of antiplasmodial in-vitro assays. The leaf extract of chikadoma dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was the treatment, prepared into 7 different levels of concentration (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) while culture medium with the malarial parasite alone served as negative control. Micromalarial culture preceded by culture synchronized with sorbitol 5%, were divided into “control” and “treated groups”, followed by incubation in CO2 candle jar at 370C for 72 h. The percentage of parasitemia was measured 8 h, showing the activity of the extract on P. falciparum stages of proliferation. Thin blood smear from the erythrocytes layer was made and stained with 10% Giemsa for 30 mins to estimate the parasitemia. The antimalarial activity of the extract was calculated using Probit analysis by counting the 50% growth inhibition (IC50). Results: The growth of P. falciparum was inhibited by the extract on mature schizont stage; and the IC50 of the extract after 40 h incubation was 3.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The leaf extract of chikadoma significantly has antimalarial effect in-vitro against P. falciparum. Keywords: Chikadoma; Lupinus arboreus; antimalarial activity; tropical disease; Nigeria. 

scholarly journals In vitro antioxidant activity of crude extracts of Harpagophytum zeyheri and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activity compared with diclofenac

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibonokuhle F. Ncube ◽  
Lyndy J. McGaw ◽  
Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya ◽  
Hilton G. T. Ndagurwa ◽  
Peter J. Mundy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts ◽  
In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Abstract Background This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and comparison of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of Harpagopytum zeyheri with diclofenac. Methods In vitro assays were conducted using water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of H.zeyheri. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2′- azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as well as cytokine (TNF-α and IL-10) expression on LPS-induced U937 human macrophages. For cytotoxicity, cell viability was determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results The ethyl acetate extract had the lowest IC50 values in the DPPH (5.91 μg/ml) and ABTS (20.5 μg/ml) assay compared to other extracts. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extracts effectively inhibited NO and TNF-α and proved to be comparable to diclofenac at some concentrations. All extracts of H. zeyheri displayed dose-dependent activity and were associated with low levels of human-IL-10 expression compared to quercetin. Furthermore, all extracts displayed low toxicity relative to diclofenac. Conclusions These findings show that H. zeyheri has significant antioxidant activity. Additionally, similarities exist in the inflammatory activity of H. zeyheri to diclofenac at some concentrations as well as low toxicity in comparison to diclofenac.

Effect of Water Activity, Temperature, and Mixed Fungal Spore Interactions on Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
EFSTATHIA A. KOGKAKI ◽  
PANTELIS I. NATSKOULIS ◽  
GEORGE-JOHN E. NYCHAS ◽  
EFSTATHIOS Z. PANAGOU
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Different Temperatures

The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of two nontoxigenic Aspergillus section Nigri species (Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus japonicus) to influence the in vitro ochratoxin A (OTA) production of three toxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius isolates (Ac-28, Ac-29, and Ac-33) from Greek vineyards of different geographical areas. OTA accumulation was evaluated by inoculation of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 ratios of mixed spore suspensions on a synthetic grape juice medium for up to 28 days at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), water activity (aw) levels (0.95 and 0.98 aw) and incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Results confirmed that environmental factors and fungal species had a significant effect on OTA production. Specifically, maximum OTA concentration for Ac-28 (3.21 μg g−1) and Ac-29 (7.69 μg g−1) was observed at 20°C/0.98 aw and for Ac-33 (9.13 μg g−1) at 15°C/0.95 aw, regardless of incubation time. Moreover, A. tubingensis had no significant influence on OTA concentration of all toxigenic isolates assayed, regardless of temperature, aw, and incubation time. On the other hand, the presence of A. japonicus slightly inhibited OTA production of Ac-29 and Ac-33, while for Ac-28, stimulation of OTA was observed in some cases. Overall, lower aw levels reduced OTA accumulation for Ac-28 and Ac-29, regardless of temperature, inoculum ratio, and time. On the contrary, for Ac-33, low aw increased OTA production, regardless of the investigated parameters. The importance of this study concerns the understanding of interspecific interactions on OTA diffusion by A. carbonarius in an attempt to find ways to prevent the presence of toxins in grapes and their derivatives.

scholarly journals Olive leaf extract activity against Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis – the in vitro viability study

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataša Zorić ◽  
Nevenka Kopjar ◽  
Klara Kraljić ◽  
Nada Oršolić ◽  
Siniša Tomić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Fluorescent Dye ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Olive Leaf ◽  
Trypan Blue Exclusion Method ◽  
Olive Leaf Extract ◽  
Exclusion Method ◽  
Mic Value

Abstract Olive leaf extract is characterized by a high content of polyphenols (oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and their derivatives), which is associated with its therapeutic properties. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the antifungal activity of olive leaf extract against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and C. dubliniensis CBS 7987 strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extract were determined by several in vitro assays. The extract showed a concentration depended effect on the viability of C. albicans with MIC value of 46.875 mg mL-1 and C. dubliniensis with MIC value 62.5 mg mL-1. Most sensitive methods for testing the antifungal effect of the extracts were the trypan blue exclusion method and fluorescent dye exclusion method while MIC could not be determined by the method according to the EUCAST recommendation suggesting that herbal preparations contain compounds that may interfere with this susceptibility testing. The fluorescent dye exclusion method was also used for the assessment of morphological changes in the nuclei of treated cells. According to the obtained results, olive leaf extract is less effective against the tested strains than hydroxytyrosol, an olive plant constituent tested in our previous study.

scholarly journals Addition of Olive Leaf Extract (OLE) for Producing Fortified Fresh Pasteurized Milk with An Extended Shelf Life

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmeri ◽  
Parafati ◽  
Trippa ◽  
Siracusa ◽  
Arena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Undetectable Level ◽  
Expiration Date ◽  
Olive Leaf ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Olive Leaf Extract

An olive leaf extract (OLE) has been tested in vitro for its antibacterial activity and ability to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme. OLE was also evaluated for its potential, when added to pasteurized milk, to preserve nutritional parameters and to limit microbial growth, thus prolonging shelf life. In vitro assays demonstrated a strong antibacterial efficacy of OLE mainly against Bacillus cereus and the capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme (IC50) when used at 0.2 mg oleuropein/mL. The milk fortification with OLE at 3.6 mg of oleuropein/mL of milk reduced total mesophilic bacteria at undetectable level after 6 d (expiration date) and by 1 log CFU/mL after 10 d. Moreover, OLE addition at 1.44 and 3.6 mg of oleuropein/mL of milk significantly reduced fat and lactose losses up to 10 d. The results motivate the use of the OLE to make a new functional milk with an extended shelf life.

scholarly journals The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura-Madalina Cursaru ◽  
Roxana Mioara Piticescu ◽  
Dumitru Valentin Dragut ◽  
Ioan Albert Tudor ◽  
Victor Kuncser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Iron Oxide Particles ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Low Toxicity

Magnetic iron oxide particles are used for in vitro diagnostics for nearly 40 years. Due to their unique physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, as well as biocompatibility and low toxicity in the human body, iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in many biomedical applications, such as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, carriers for controlled drug delivery and immunoassays, but also in magnetic hyperthermia. Our aim is to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature on the structural, thermal and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanomaterials prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized at temperatures of 100-200&deg;C and pressures of 20-1000 bar. It has been found that pressure influences the type of iron oxide crystalline phase. Thus, for lower pressure values (&lt; 100 bar), iron oxide is predominantly formed as hematite, while at pressures &gt; 100 bar, the major crystalline phase is goethite. The complex thermal analysis revealed the polymorphic changes of iron oxides at different temperatures. The existence of specific magnetite and hematite phases in all thermally treated samples are evidenced through the specific Verwey and Morin transitions highlighted by ZFC-FC (Zero Field Cooled-Field Cooled) measurements, whereas their relative content is precisely provided by M&ouml;ssbauer spectroscopy.

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