scholarly journals A Retrospective Cohort Study of Young Women Spontaneously Choosing to Be Vaccinated against HPV: Outcomes from Their First Cervical Cancer Screening Test

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Annarosa Del Mistro ◽  
Jessica Battagello ◽  
Luca Weis ◽  
Vittoria Bressan ◽  
Vittorio Selle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Cancer Screening Test

Background: Efficacy for cervical cancer prevention of opportunistic HPV vaccination in post-pubertal girls is lower than in 11-year-olds. Methods: Women born between 1986 and 1992 vaccinated at 15–25 years of age (at least one dose of 4-valent HPV vaccine) and screened at 24–27 years of age were included. Frequency of opportunistic vaccination, overall and by birth cohort, was calculated; screening outcomes were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Results: Overall, 4718 (4.9%) HPV-vaccinated, and 91,512 unvaccinated, women were studied. The frequency of vaccination increased by birth cohort, ranging between 1.8% and 9.8%; age at vaccination decreased progressively by birth cohort (p < 0.0001). Participation in screening was 60.8% among vaccinated, and 56.6% among unvaccinated, women (p < 0.0001). Detection rates (DR) for high-grade lesions were lower in vaccinated women (2.11‰ vs. 3.85‰ in unvaccinated, for CIN3+, p = 0.24; 0.0‰ vs. 0.22‰ for cancer). The DR of CIN3+ increased with age at vaccination, scoring respectively 0.0‰, 0.83‰, and 4.68‰ for women vaccinated when they were 15–16, 17–20, and 21–25 years old (p = 0.17). Conclusions: In comparison to unvaccinated women, higher compliance with cervical cancer screening invitation and lower CIN3+ DR among vaccinated women was observed. Age at vaccination was inversely correlated to vaccination efficacy.

scholarly journals Cervical cancer screening varies by HPV vaccination status among a National Cohort of privately insured young women in the United States 2006–2016

Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (41) ◽  
pp. e27457
Author(s):  
Djibril M. Ba ◽  
Jennifer S. McCall-Hosenfeld ◽  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Vernon M. Chinchilli ◽  
Edeanya Agbese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Privately Insured

scholarly journals Knowledge and beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination among urban and rural women in León, Nicaragua

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah D. Rees ◽  
Alexandra R. Lombardo ◽  
Caroline G. Tangoren ◽  
Sara J. Meyers ◽  
Vishnu R. Muppala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs

Background In Nicaragua, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for women ages 15–44, yet access to the HPV vaccine is limited to those with financial resources to pay for it. Cervical cytology is provided free of charge in public clinics; however, only 10% of women receive Pap smears at the nationally recommended frequency. Previous studies have not investigated how beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening may differ for urban and rural populations in Nicaragua. Furthermore, no investigation has assessed Nicaraguan women’s beliefs about a potential HPV immunization campaign. Given beliefs’ influence on health behavior, we investigated the structural, sociocultural, and knowledge-based factors influencing women’s beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening among urban and rural women in León, Nicaragua, and assessed acceptance of a potential HPV immunization program. Methods Our sequential explanatory mixed-methods study consisted of two phases: (1) a close-ended questionnaire, followed by (2) a qualitative, in-depth interview. Our quantitative sample contained 117 urban and 112 rural participants aged 18–49. We assessed beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening using a 22-item scale, with higher scores indicating screening-promoting beliefs in simple linear and multiple linear regressions. Twenty qualitative interviews, exploring the sociocultural dimensions of knowledge and attitudes indicated by our quantitative findings, were conducted with a sample of 13 urban and 7 rural women aged 19–46. Results The multiple linear regression indicates that greater knowledge of Pap smears, HPV, and cervical cancer is significantly associated with screening-promoting beliefs after adjusting for other relevant factors. There was no significant difference in screening knowledge and beliefs for urban and rural women. Four recurrent themes representing determinants of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding cervical cancer screening arose from interviews and built on quantitative findings: (1) women’s embarrassment due to the intimate nature of the Pap smear and male gender of exam provider discourages screening; (2) women believe Pap smears and cervical cancer are associated with sexual promiscuity, and this association stigmatizes women with the disease; (3) knowledge of cervical cancer prevention is limited to those who regularly attend health centers; and (4) women find screening inconvenient, believing understaffed clinics increase patient wait time, limit time patients spend with clinicians, and delay Pap results. A fifth theme indicates (5) participants’ acceptance of a potential HPV immunization program. Discussion Future interventions should focus on increasing access to information about cervical cancer prevention for women who do not regularly attend health centers. Furthermore, our results suggest that if funding were allocated to make the HPV vaccine accessible in Nicaragua, it would be well received.

scholarly journals Precision Prevention: The 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-280
Author(s):  
Ritu Nayar
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Consensus Guidelines

The approach to cervical cancer prevention has evolved significantly over the past two decades. HPV immunization has decreased the specificity of screening modalities and HPV-based testing has been replacing our previously successful morphology-only approach. Additionally, there is much more emphasis on providing precision prevention, rather than the previously used “one-fits-all” management strategies. A number of new biomarkers are entering clinical practice and being integrated into cervical cancer screening and management in order to enable a more personalized assessment of the risk for precancer/cancer for an individual patient. The 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines expand on the concept of “equal management for equal risk”. They consider a patient’s history in addition to current test results to provide recommendations for increased surveillance/treatment in patients at higher risk for CIN3+ while minimizing interventions for lower-risk patients who have new versus persistent HPV infection. Clinical management decisions are based on immediate risk and 5-year risk estimates for CIN3+, which are determined by referencing an extensive risk table compiled by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The course of action for a given patient is recommended by comparison of the risk in the risk database, to the predetermined clinical action thresholds. These guidelines address the need for simplification and offer some stability for the provider while being conducive to the incorporation of anticipated continued technologic advances in methods for cervical cancer prevention. Their enduring nature will allow for changes needed based on risk reduction as HPV vaccination uptake increases and vaccinated women reach screening age. Similarly, the design allows for the addition of new tests into the risk assessment calculations after their approval by applicable regulatory agencies and review/consensus approval by the ASCCP new technology and enduring guidelines workgroups. As cytopathologists, we must be familiar with the scientific advancements in primary and secondary prevention, evolving screening and management guidelines, and participate actively in the multidisciplinary approach for the prevention of cervical cancer.

Gaps and opportunities for cervical cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care: evidence from midterm review of the Zimbabwe Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control strategy (2016-2020).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Tapera ◽  
Anna M Nyakabau ◽  
Ndabaningi Simango ◽  
Bothwell T Guzha ◽  
Shamiso Jombo-Nyakuwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Draft Report ◽  
Cancer Prevention And Control ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer amongst women globally and it accounts for many cancer deaths among females in Zimbabwe. The objective of this midterm review was to measure the progress of cervical cancer prevention and control interventions in Zimbabwe. Methods A mixed methods approach was used for the midterm review. Secondary data was collected from programme documents, published and grey literature. Primary data was collected in six provinces, including Harare Metropolitan. Key informant interviews were conducted with officials from relevant departments in the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC) and partners working in cervical cancer spaces. Two focus group discussions with beneficiaries were facilitated in Manicaland and Matabeleland South Provinces. After data analysis, a draft report was presented to a technical working group to validate the findings and to fill in any gaps. Results The cervical cancer strategy led to the raising of awareness especially around cervical cancer screening and this created demand for services. Coverage of HPV vaccination achieved by 2019 was 86% against a target of 80%. Every district in Zimbabwe had a screening site with a total of 106 clinics across the whole country. Almost two thirds (66%) of women with precancerous lesions received treatment in 2018 against a target of 80%. Tertiary hospitals are offering surgery to eligible women with cervical cancer and there are ongoing efforts towards establishing two centres of excellence in the country. There are opportunities for collaborative, coordinated comprehensive cervical cancer care and research at institutions (public and academic) that can be strengthened and better coordinated by MoHCC. Successes scored in fundraising for ZCCPCS strategy thematic areas including awareness, cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination set the pace for comprehensive inclusion of diagnosis, treatment and palliative care. Conclusions This midterm review revealed a myriad of gaps of the strategy particularly in diagnosis, treatment and care of cervical cancer and the primary focus was on secondary prevention. Lessons learnt reveals that development and implementation of the next strategy will require increased stakeholder collaboration between government, private sector, academia and non-governmental organizations for more sustainable cervical cancer interventions.

Enrolment of young women attending cervical cancer screening to survey effectiveness of HPV vaccination

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Marc Arbyn ◽  
Davy Vanden Broeck ◽  
Johannes Bogers ◽  
Pierre Van Damme ◽  
Marleen Temmerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hpv Vaccination

scholarly journals Students’ Knowledge about Cervical Cancer Prevention in Poland

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Karolina Osowiecka ◽  
Samira Yahuza ◽  
Marek Szwiec ◽  
Anna Gwara ◽  
Karolina Kasprzycka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer Risk

Background and Objectives: In Poland, the rates of morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer are amongst the highest in Europe. A significant percentage of newly diagnosed cases of cervical cancer are at an advanced stage. Unfortunately, only about 20% of Polish women take part in cervical cancer screening. The aim of the study was to assess students’ knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and prevention. Materials and Methods: The study was provided to Polish students from various universities and faculties between May 2020 and November 2020. The questionnaire was designed specifically for this study and was validated. The chi-square test was used to compare the responses between subgroups. Results: The study was carried out on a group of 995 students (80.6% women, 19% men, 0.4% no data), (average age 21.9 years). Most students knew that the main risk factor for cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (82% of all responders; 86% of medical students; 73% of non-medical students; p < 0.001). Only 40% of students knew that in Poland the Population Prevention and Early Diagnosis Program is carried out on women aged 25–59 years every three years. Most students correctly indicated that cervical cancer screening in Poland is performed using cervical cytology and were familiar with the basis of cytology. Only 57% of students knew that there are no specific early symptoms of cervical cancer. A total of 78% of all respondents knew that HPV vaccination reduces the risk of cervical cancer. Medical students and students who are sexually active demonstrated a better knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusions: The Polish students had some knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and primary and secondary prevention. Significantly better knowledge was demonstrated by medical students. Some efforts should be made to ensure that young people, who are not associated with medicine are better educated about cervical cancer in order to reduce the overall incidence and improve early detection rates.

scholarly journals Web-based Recruiting for a Survey on Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer Prevention Among Young Women Living in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuko Miyagi ◽  
Yoko Motoki ◽  
Mikiko Asai-Sato ◽  
Masataka Taguri ◽  
Satoshi Morita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Kanagawa Prefecture

ObjectivesCervical cancer (CC) incidence and mortality among young women have been increasing in Japan. To develop effective measures to combat this, we assessed the feasibility of using a social networking site (SNS) to recruit a representative sample of young women to conduct a knowledge and attitude study about CC prevention via an internet-based questionnaire.MethodsFrom July 2012 to March 2013, advertising banners targeting women aged 16 to 35 years in Kanagawa Prefecture were placed on Facebook in a similar manner as an Australian (AUS) study conducted in 16- to 25-year-olds in 2010 and on a homepage to advertise our CC advocacy activities. Eligible participants were emailed instructions for accessing our secure Web site where they completed an online survey including demographics, awareness, and knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and CC. Data for the study population were compared with the general Japanese population and the AUS study.ResultsAmong 394 women who expressed interest, 243 (62%) completed the survey, with 52% completing it via Facebook. Women aged 26 to 35 years, living in Yokohama City, with an education beyond high school, were overrepresented. Participants had high awareness and knowledge of HPV and CC, comparable with the AUS study participants. However, the self-reported HPV vaccination rate (22% among participants aged 16–25 years) and the recognition rate of the link between smoking and CC (31%) were significantly lower than in the AUS study (58% and 43%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Significant predictors of high knowledge scores about HPV included awareness of HPV vaccine (P < 0.001) and self-reported HPV vaccination (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe SNS and homepage are efficient methods to recruit young women into health surveys, which can effectively be performed online. A nationwide survey using SNSs would be an appropriate next step to better understand the current lack of uptake of the national HPV vaccine program by young women in Japan.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines in the Postvaccination Era: Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Carlo A. Liverani ◽  
Jacopo Di Giuseppe ◽  
Luca Giannella ◽  
Giovanni Delli Carpini ◽  
Andrea Ciavattini
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Dna Test ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Screening Programs

Cervical cancer is relatively rare in high-income countries, where organized screening programs are in place, as well as opportunistic ones. As the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates increase, the prevalence of cervical precancers and cancers is going to decrease rapidly very soon, even if, in the most optimistic scenario, it is unlikely that optimal vaccination coverage will be achieved. Then, the optimal screening paradigm for cervical cancer prevention in the postvaccination era is still debated. Screening guidelines are being developed with the aim of reducing the number of tests a woman needs during her lifetime, in order to receive the maximum benefit from screening, while decreasing potential harms that may result with the use of a screening strategy (overdiagnosis, overtreatment, anxiety, and costs). With this purpose in mind, new management guidelines for cervical cancer screening abnormalities are recommendations based on risks, not on results. This review aims to summarize the process that led to the introduction of the HPV DNA test in screening programs and the different screening strategies. Moreover, it aims to introduce the new risk-based guidelines for the future, where full HPV genotyping can resize the risk on the basis of specific high-risk genotypes. In the same way, the data regarding HPV vaccination could be introduced as soon as women vaccinated with the nonavalent vaccine reach the screening age, with the recommendation of a prolonged screening interval.

scholarly journals Knowledge, perception and utilization of cervical cancer screening and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among immigrants and refugees in Central Ohio

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henon Gebre ◽  
Senya Ghamli ◽  
Frederica Jackson ◽  
Bhakti Chavan ◽  
Caroline Kingori
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preventive Practices ◽  
Immigrant And Refugee

Background: Immigrants in the US are at higher risk of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer compared to the general US population. Low awareness surrounding cervical cancer inhibits associated preventive practices.  Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the association between knowledge, attitude, and utilization of health services for cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine among immigrant and refugee women in Ohio.  Method: Preliminary analyses were conducted on a total of 70 participants recruited from immigrant and refugee organizations and community centers, using a validated paper survey.  Results: There was a statistically significant association between cervical cancer screening and general knowledge on cervical cancer (p = 0.038). The study also revealed association between screening age (p < 0.001) and insurance status (p = 0.033).  Majority of the participants perceived HPV vaccine to be ineffective at preventing cervical cancer, and 40.8% participants had never heard of the vaccine and consequently had not been vaccinated. 94% participants did not receive the HPV vaccine, however, 65.3% participants indicated willingness to be vaccinated against HPV for free or at reduced cost.  Conclusion: Culturally appropriate interventions are warranted to develop effective strategies that will influence HPV screening behavior and vaccine uptake in this target population. 

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