scholarly journals Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Canine Distemper Virus and Response to Vaccination in Client-Owned Adult Healthy Dogs

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
Monika Freisl ◽  
Yury Zablotski ◽  
Md Anik Ashfaq Khan ◽  
Stephanie Speck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Vaccination Response ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Re-vaccinations against canine distemper virus (CDV) are commonly performed in 3-year intervals. The study’s aims were to determine anti-CDV antibodies in healthy adult dogs within 28 days of vaccination against CDV, and to evaluate factors associated with the presence of pre-vaccination antibodies and with the antibody response to vaccination. Ninety-seven dogs, not vaccinated within 1 year before enrollment, were vaccinated with a modified live CDV vaccine. A measurement of the antibodies was performed before vaccination (day 0), on day 7, and 28 after the vaccination by virus neutralization. A response to vaccination was defined as a ≥4-fold titer increase by day 28. Fisher´s exact test was used to determine factors associated with a lack of antibodies and vaccination response. In total, 94.8% of the dogs (92/97; CI 95%: 88.2–98.1) had antibodies (≥10) prior to vaccination. A response to vaccination was not observed in any dog. Five dogs were considered humoral non-responders; these dogs neither had detectable antibodies before, nor developed antibodies after vaccination. Young age (<2 years) was significantly associated with a lack of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 0.018; OR: 26.825; 95% CI: 1.216–1763.417). In conclusion, necessity of re-vaccination in adult healthy dogs should be debated and regular vaccinations should be replaced by antibody detection.

scholarly journals Antibody Response to Canine Adenovirus-2 Virus Vaccination in Healthy Adult Dogs

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
Monika Freisl ◽  
Yury Zablotski ◽  
Stephanie Speck ◽  
Uwe Truyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Virus Vaccination ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Vaccination Response

Background: Re-vaccination against canine adenovirus (CAV) is performed in ≤3-year-intervals but their necessity is unknown. The study determined anti-CAV antibodies within 28 days of re-vaccination and factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. Methods: Ninety-seven healthy adult dogs (last vaccination ≥12 months) were re-vaccinated with a modified live CAV-2 vaccine. Anti-CAV antibodies were measured before vaccination (day 0), and after re-vaccination (day 7, 28) by virus neutralization. A ≥4-fold titer increase was defined as vaccination response. Fisher’s exact test and multivariate regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. Results: Totally, 87% of dogs (90/97; 95% CI: 85.61–96.70) had anti-CAV antibodies (≥10) before re-vaccination. Vaccination response was observed in 6% of dogs (6/97; 95% CI: 2.60–13.11). Time since last vaccination (>3–5 years, OR = 9.375, p = 0.020; >5 years, OR= 25.000, p = 0.006) was associated with a lack of antibodies. Dogs from urban areas were more likely to respond to vaccination (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Many dogs had anti-CAV pre-vaccination antibodies, even those with an incomplete vaccination series. Most dogs did not respond to re-vaccination. Based on this study, dogs should be re-vaccinated every 3 years or antibodies should be determined.

scholarly journals Probing Morbillivirus Antisera Neutralization Using Functional Chimerism between Measles Virus and Canine Distemper Virus Envelope Glycoproteins

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Muñoz-Alía ◽  
Stephen J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Globular Head

Measles virus (MeV) is monotypic. Live virus challenge provokes a broadly protective humoral immune response that neutralizes all known measles genotypes. The two surface glycoproteins, H and F, mediate virus attachment and entry, respectively, and neutralizing antibodies to H are considered the main correlate of protection. Herein, we made improvements to the MeV reverse genetics system and generated a panel of recombinant MeVs in which the globular head domain or stalk region of the H glycoprotein or the entire F protein, or both, were substituted with the corresponding protein domains from canine distemper virus (CDV), a closely related morbillivirus that resists neutralization by measles-immune sera. The viruses were tested for sensitivity to human or guinea pig neutralizing anti-MeV antisera and to ferret anti-CDV antisera. Virus neutralization was mediated by antibodies to both H and F proteins, with H being immunodominant in the case of MeV and F being so in the case of CDV. Additionally, the globular head domains of both MeV and CDV H proteins were immunodominant over their stalk regions. These data shed further light on the factors constraining the evolution of new morbillivirus serotypes.

scholarly journals Prevalence of canine distemper virus in wild mustelids in the Czech Republic and a case of canine distemper in young stone martens

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pavlacik ◽  
V. Celer ◽  
P. Koubek ◽  
I. Literak
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mustela Nivalis ◽  
Pine Martens

Between 2001 and 2003, a total of 194 samples of brain tissues of wild mustelids from the Czech Republic were tested for the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) by direct immunofluorescence examination. Out of 21 animals exhibiting symptoms of the disease or changed behaviour, one mustelid was CDV positive (5% prevalence). In this group, 1 out of 18 stone martens (<i>Martes foina</i>) was CDV positive, while 2 pine martens (<i>Martes martes</i>) and 1 Eurasian badger (<i>Meles meles</i>) were CDV negative. Of 173 animals with unknown case history, 1 sample was positive (0.6% prevalence). In this group of animals, 1 out of 19 Eurasian badgers was positive, and stone martens (<i>n</i> = 96), pine martens (<i>n</i> = 4), polecats (<i>Mustela putorius</i>) ((<i>n</i> = 28), steppe polecats (<i>Mustela eversmani</i>) (<i>n</i> = 4), common weasels (<i>Mustela nivalis</i>) (<i>n</i> = 4), stoats (<i>Mustela erminea</i>) (<i>n</i> = 3) and American minks (<i>Mustela vison</i>) (<i>n</i> = 19) were negative. Clinical distemper was demonstrated in three stone marten pup siblings. In two of the siblings, CDV was demonstrated in footpads. The third of the siblings survived the acute stage of the disease and had virus neutralizing antibodies from the end of the acute stage until 6 months after the end of the acute stage, with a maximum antibody titre of 32. During the acute stage and 7 months after the end of the acute stage, no virus neutralizing antibodies were found.

scholarly journals Genomic and Immunological Identification of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) and Investigation of Coinfection with Bordetella bronchiseptica Among Dogs in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehri Isvand ◽  
Azam Mokhtari ◽  
Atefeh Esmailnejad
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Background: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an extremely contagious pathogen that causes deadly diseases in carnivores worldwide. Objectives: Considering the effect of CDV on the host immune system and the increased risk of other infections, the present study aimed to investigate the incidence of coinfection with CDV and Bordetella bronchiseptica, using genomic and serological methods. Methods: In this study, 50 blood samples, eye samples, respiratory swabs, and gastrointestinal tract swabs were taken from dogs, which showed symptoms of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract involvement, suggesting CDV infection. Also, 50 seemingly healthy dogs were included in this study. The animals were referred to Isfahan clinics between the spring of 2018 and the winter of 2019. For the initial diagnosis of CDV by immunological methods, a rapid CDV immunochromatography kit was used. To investigate for the genomes of both pathogens, after DNA and RNA extraction and reverse transcription of the extracted RNA samples, a PCR assay was performed using specific primers. Results: Based on the results of the RT-PCR assay, of 50 samples taken from dogs with suspected CDV infection, 37 were positive for the presence of CDV nucleic acids, and 20 were positive for the presence of B. bronchiseptica nucleic acids. Also, of 50 samples taken from seemingly healthy dogs, three were positive for CDV, and 15 were positive for B. bronchiseptica nucleic acids. Conclusions: In the present study, of 100 samples taken from dogs with suspected CDV infection and apparently healthy dogs, 15 showed coinfection (12 samples from dogs with symptoms of CDV and three from seemingly healthy dogs). However, no significant relationship was found between CDV and B. bronchiseptica infections. It seems that future studies with a larger sample size can provide us with more accurate results.

scholarly journals Protective levels of canine distemper virus antibody in an urban dog population using plaque reduction neutralization test

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.I. Oyedele ◽  
D.O. Oluwayelu ◽  
S.I.B. Cadmus ◽  
F.D. Adu
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Positive Serum

Blood samples from 50 dogs were collected at three veterinary clinics in Ibadan and Abuja, Nigeria and the serum from each sample was evaluated serologically for neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) by the highly sensitive plaque reduction (PRN) neutralization assay. Thirteen dogs had plaque reduction neutralization titres of 0-100, seven had titres of 100-1 000 while 30 had titres ranging from 1 000-6 000. The PRN titres of vaccinated dogs were found to be significantly higher than unvaccinated dogs. The widespread use of the highly reproducible PRN test for the evaluation of antibody response to CDV may be very important in the generation of international CDV positive serum standards that should help to improve pre-and post-vaccination testing of dogs worldwide.

scholarly journals Development of a Challenge-Protective Vaccine Concept by Modification of the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Canine Distemper Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (24) ◽  
pp. 13649-13658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Silin ◽  
O. Lyubomska ◽  
M. Ludlow ◽  
W. P. Duprex ◽  
B. K. Rima
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Hinge Region ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
L Protein

ABSTRACT We demonstrate that insertion of the open reading frame of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into the coding sequence for the second hinge region of the viral L (large) protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) attenuates a wild-type canine distemper virus. Moreover, we show that single intranasal immunization with this recombinant virus provides significant protection against challenge with the virulent parental virus. Protection against wild-type challenge was gained either after recovery of cellular immunity postimmunization or after development of neutralizing antibodies. Insertion of EGFP seems to result in overattenuation of the virus, while our previous experiments demonstrated that the insertion of an epitope tag into a similar position did not affect L protein function. Thus, a desirable level of attenuation could be reached by manipulating the length of the insert (in the second hinge region of the L protein), providing additional tools for optimization of controlled attenuation. This strategy for controlled attenuation may be useful for a “quick response” in vaccine development against well-known and “new” viral infections and could be combined efficiently with other strategies of vaccine development and delivery systems.

Antibody response to feline herpesvirus-1 vaccination in healthy adult cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-338
Author(s):  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
Stephanie Speck ◽  
Anna Rieger ◽  
Uwe Truyen ◽  
Katrin Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Feline Herpesvirus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Privately Owned

Objectives Vaccination against feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is recommended for all cats. However, it is unknown how adult healthy cats with different pre-vaccination antibodies respond to FHV-1 vaccination in the field. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of neutralising antibodies against FHV-1 in healthy adult cats and the response to FHV-1 vaccination within 28 days of vaccination. Methods One hundred and ten cats (⩾1 year of age) that had not received a vaccination within the past 12 months were vaccinated with a combined FHV-1 vaccine. Antibodies against FHV-1 were determined before vaccination (day 0), on day 7 and day 28 by serum neutralisation test. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were used to determine factors associated with the presence of pre-vaccination antibodies and response to vaccination. Results Pre-vaccination neutralising antibody titres (⩾10) were present in 40.9% of cats (45/110; 95% confidence interval [CI] 32.2–50.3); titres were generally low (range 10–640). Antibody response to vaccination (⩾four-fold titre increase) was observed in 8.3% (9/109; 95% CI 4.2–15.1). Cats ⩾2 years of age were more likely to have pre-vaccination neutralising antibodies than cats aged between 1 and 2 years (odds ratio [OR] 24.619; P = 0.005). Cats from breeders were more likely to have pre-vaccination neutralising antibodies than privately owned cats (OR 7.070; P = 0.007). Domestic shorthair cats were more likely to have an at least four-fold titre increase vs purebred cats (OR 11.22; P = 0.027). Conclusions and relevance Many cats have no detectable neutralising antibodies against FHV-1 despite previous vaccinations and fail to develop a ⩾four-fold titre increase after vaccination. This is likely because older cats and cats with a higher FHV-1 exposure risk are more likely to get infected with FHV-1 and thus to have FHV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Purebred cats more often fail to develop a ⩾four-fold titre increase after vaccination.

scholarly journals Successful Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antibody Response to Vaccination in MAGT1 Deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215265672110562
Author(s):  
Maaz Jalil ◽  
Marija Rowane ◽  
Jayanth Rajan ◽  
Robert Hostoffer
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Office Visit ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Post Vaccination

Background Novel messenger RNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have been vital in resolving the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Detection of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) confirms immunogenicity with high sensitivity and specificity. Few recent studies with primary and secondary immunodeficient cohorts present adequate or reduced antibody response. We describe the first reported successful response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody post-vaccination in magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) gene deficiency, more commonly recognized as x-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr Virus infection, and neoplasia (XMEN). Case Presentation We present a 30-year-old male with selective anti-polysaccharide antibody deficiency, peripheral blood CD5  +  /CD19  +  B-cell predominance (97%), MAGT1 mutation, and reduced CD16  +  CD56  +  natural killer- and/or CD8  +  T-cell receptor, Group 2, Member D expression. His initial immunological evaluation revealed all seronegative post-vaccination antibody titers but clinically adequate response to protein antigens tetanus and diphtheria anti-toxoids. COVID-19 vaccination and associated serology antibody testing was recommended at this office visit. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies before and after the first BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses, as well as nucleocapsid antibody, were negative. S protein total antibody was reactive after the second dose. Discussion Robust immunological sequelae post-COVID-19 vaccination in the general population are well-documented in the recent literature. Few studies have evaluated COVID-19 vaccination antibody response in immunodeficient patients. The majority positive anti-S antibody detection in most primary immunodeficient (PID) patients among the few studies in the literature, such as the present case, support the safety and efficacy of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in immunodeficient patients, although larger scale studies are needed. Conclusion We demonstrate successful vaccination in the PID MAGT1 deficiency in this first reported case of reactive anti-S antibody post-COVID-19 vaccination.

scholarly journals Development of a Fast SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA, Based on Receptor-Binding Domain, and Its Comparative Evaluation Using Temporally Segregated Samples From RT-PCR Positive Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farha Mehdi ◽  
Souvick Chattopadhyay ◽  
Ramachandran Thiruvengadam ◽  
Sarla Yadav ◽  
Manjit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection assays are crucial for gathering seroepidemiological information and monitoring the sustainability of antibody response against the virus. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein’s receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a very specific target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection. Moreover, many neutralizing antibodies are mapped to this domain, linking antibody response to RBD with neutralizing potential. Detection of IgG antibodies, rather than IgM or total antibodies, against RBD is likely to play a larger role in understanding antibody-mediated protection and vaccine response. Here we describe a rapid and stable RBD-based IgG ELISA test obtained through extensive optimization of the assay components and conditions. The test showed a specificity of 99.79% (95% CI: 98.82–99.99%) in a panel of pre-pandemic samples (n = 470) from different groups, i.e., pregnancy, fever, HCV, HBV, and autoantibodies positive. Test sensitivity was evaluated using sera from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive individuals (n = 312) and found to be 53.33% (95% CI: 37.87–68.34%), 80.47% (95% CI: 72.53–86.94%), and 88.24% (95% CI: 82.05–92.88%) in panel 1 (days 0–13), panel 2 (days 14–20) and panel 3 (days 21–27), respectively. Higher sensitivity was achieved in symptomatic individuals and reached 92.14% (95% CI: 86.38–96.01%) for panel 3. Our test, with a shorter runtime, showed higher sensitivity than parallelly tested commercial ELISAs for SARS-CoV-2-IgG, i.e., Euroimmun and Zydus, even when equivocal results in the commercial ELISAs were considered positive. None of the tests, which are using different antigens, could detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs in 10.5% RT-PCR positive individuals by the fourth week, suggesting the lack of IgG response.

scholarly journals Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
Monika Freisl ◽  
Katrin Hartmann ◽  
Stephanie Speck ◽  
Uwe Truyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Response ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Modified Live Vaccine

(1) Background: No information is available on how dogs with hypothyroidism (HypoT) respond to vaccination. This study measured pre- and post-vaccination anti-canine parvovirus (CPV) antibodies in dogs with HypoT treated with levothyroxine and compared the results to those of healthy dogs. (2) Methods: Six dogs with HypoT and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 23) were vaccinated against CPV with a modified-live vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition was used to measure antibodies on days 0, 7, and 28. The comparison of the vaccination response of dogs with HypoT and healthy dogs were performed with univariate analysis. (3) Results: Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HypoT (6/6; 95% CI: 55.7–100) and in 100% of healthy dogs (23/23; 95% CI: 83.1–100.0). A ≥4-fold titer increase was observed in none of the dogs with HypoT and in 4.3% of the healthy dogs (1/23; CI95%: <0.01–22.7). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 33.3% of the dogs with HypoT (2/6; 95% CI: 9.3–70.4) and in 43.5% (10/23; 95% CI: 25.6–63.2) of the healthy dogs. (4) Conclusions: There was neither a significant difference in the dogs’ pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or vaccination response (p = 0.735), nor in the occurrence of post-vaccination VAAEs (p = 0.798). The vaccination response in dogs with levothyroxine-treated HypoT seems to be similar to that of healthy dogs.

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