scholarly journals Serological Surveillance of Influenza D Virus in Ruminants and Swine in West and East Africa, 2017–2020

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Idrissa Nonmon Sanogo ◽  
Casimir Kouakou ◽  
Komla Batawui ◽  
Fidélia Djegui ◽  
Denis K. Byarugaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Serological Surveillance

Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated in 2011 in Oklahoma, USA from pigs presenting with influenza-like symptoms. IDV is known to mainly circulate in ruminants, especially cattle. In Africa, there is limited information on the epidemiology of IDV, although the virus has likely circulated in the region since 2012. In the present study, we investigated the seropositivity of IDV among domestic ruminants and swine in West and East Africa from 2017 to 2020. Serum samples were analyzed using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Our study demonstrated that IDV is still circulating in Africa, with variations in seropositivity among countries and species. The highest seropositivity was detected in cattle (3.9 to 20.9%). Our data highlights a need for extensive surveillance of IDV in Africa in order to better understand the epidemiology of the virus in the region.

scholarly journals Epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and its coinfection rate in Shandong province in China from 2015 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zicheng Ma ◽  
Mengda Liu ◽  
Zhaohu Liu ◽  
Fanliang Meng ◽  
Hongyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the crucial swine viral pathogens, caused porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Shandong province is one of the most important pork producing areas and bears a considerable economic loss due to PCVAD. However, there is limited information on epidemiology and coinfection rate of PCV2 with other critical swine diseases in this area, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Results Overall, 89.59% serum samples and 36.98% tissue samples were positive for PCV2 specified ELISA and PCR positive for PCV2, respectively. The coinfection rates of PCV2 with PRRSV, PRV, CSFV, and PEDV were 26.73%, 18.37%, 13.06%, and 3.47%, respectively. Moreover, genetic characteristic of PCV2 were analyzed based on the cap genes showing that PCV2d is the dominant sub-genotype circulating in the province. Conclusions Our findings reveal that PCV2d, as the dominant strain, is prevailing in pig farms in Shandong province at high levels. There was a high frequency of coinfection of PCV2 and PRRSV.

scholarly journals Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus Complex (SBSEC) Isolated from Korean Domestic Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Seon Young Park ◽  
Mingyung Lee ◽  
Se Ra Lim ◽  
Hyemin Kwon ◽  
Ye Seul Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria

S. bovis/S. equinus complex (SBSEC) includes lactic acid-producing bacteria considered as the causative agent associated with acute rumen lactic acidosis in intensive ruminants. Considering the limited information on the detailed characteristics and diversity of SBSEC in Korea and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), we investigated the diversity of SBSEC from domestic ruminants and verified the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) against several antimicrobials with their phenotypic resistance. Among 51 SBSEC isolates collected, two SBSEC members (S. equinus and S. lutetiensis) were identified; sodA-based phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of overall genome relatedness revealed potential plasticity and diversity. The AMR rates of these SBSEC against erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline were relatively lower than those of other SBSEC isolates of a clinical origin. An investigation of the ARGs against those antimicrobials indicated that tetracycline resistance of SBSECs generally correlated with the presence of tet(M)-possessing Tn916-like transposon. However, no correlation between the presence of ARGs and phenotypic resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was observed. Although a limited number of animals and their SBSEC isolates were examined, this study provides insights into the potential intraspecies biodiversity of ruminant-origin SBSEC and the current status on antimicrobial resistance of the bacteria in the Korean livestock industry.

scholarly journals Calcitonin measurement in pediatrics: reference ranges are gender-dependent, validation in medullary thyroid cancer and thyroid diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Eckelt ◽  
Mandy Vogel ◽  
Mandy Geserick ◽  
Toralf Kirsten ◽  
Yoon Ju Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Men 2 ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Dependence

Abstract Background There is only limited information on serum reference ranges of calcitonin (CT) in infants, children and adolescents. This gap hampers valid diagnostics in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and planned prophylactic thyroidectomy. In addition, age-dependent reference ranges for CT are necessary to define a cure in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We asked whether the reference ranges for CT levels were age- and gender-dependent in the serum of a pediatric cohort. Methods A total of 6090 serum samples of 2639 subjects of the LIFE-Child cohort aged between 1 month and 17.9 years were analyzed by the CT electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Reference intervals were estimated using the LMS method. For clinical validation the serum of 28 patients (61 samples) with MEN 2 and 106 patients (136 samples) with thyroid diseases were analyzed. Results CT levels showed a clear age- and gender-dependence with significantly higher values in boys (p<0.01). An accelerated decline of CT levels from newborn to children at the age of 4 and 5 years was observed for both sexes. A cure for MTC was demonstrated in 71% of MEN 2 patients after thyroidectomy, whereas 5 patients remained suspicious for micrometastasis or relapse. Only 1.5% of our patients with thyroid diseases revealed increased CT levels. Conclusions This is the largest study to establish novel pediatric reference ranges from the CT values of healthy subjects. It allows a precise laboratory monitoring of CT in pediatric patients with MEN 2. Thyroid diseases did not have a relevant influence on CT levels in our pediatric cohort.

The Effect of Influenza Vaccination History on Changes in Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers After Receipt of the 2015–2016 Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults in Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany W Y Ng ◽  
Ranawaka A P M Perera ◽  
Vicky J Fang ◽  
Emily M Yau ◽  
J S Malik Peiris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
Antibody Titers

Abstract Background Immune responses to influenza vaccination can be weaker in older adults than in other age groups. We hypothesized that antibody responses would be particularly weak among repeat vaccinees when the current and prior season vaccine components are the same. Methods An observational study was conducted among 827 older adults (aged ≥75 years) in Hong Kong. Serum samples were collected immediately before and 1 month after receipt of the 2015–2016 quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. We measured antibody titers with the hemagglutination inhibition assay and compared the mean fold rise from prevaccination to postvaccination titers and the proportions with postvaccination titers ≥40 or ≥160. Results Participants who reported receipt of vaccination during either of the previous 2 years had a lower mean fold rise against all strains than with those who did not. Mean fold rises for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata were particularly weak after repeated vaccination with the same vaccine strain, but we did not generally find significant differences in the proportions of participants with postvaccination titers ≥40 and ≥160. Conclusions Overall, we found that reduced antibody responses in repeat vaccinees were particularly reduced among older adults who had received vaccination against the same strains in preceding years.

scholarly journals Standardization of Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay for Influenza Serology Allows for High Reproducibility between Laboratories

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Zacour ◽  
Brian J. Ward ◽  
Angela Brewer ◽  
Patrick Tang ◽  
Guy Boivin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
High Reproducibility ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay ◽  
Geographically Dispersed

ABSTRACTStandardization of the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay for influenza serology is challenging. Poor reproducibility of HAI results from one laboratory to another is widely cited, limiting comparisons between candidate vaccines in different clinical trials and posing challenges for licensing authorities. In this study, we standardized HAI assay materials, methods, and interpretive criteria across five geographically dispersed laboratories of a multidisciplinary influenza research network and then evaluated intralaboratory and interlaboratory variations in HAI titers by repeatedly testing standardized panels of human serum samples. Duplicate precision and reproducibility from comparisons between assays within laboratories were 99.8% (99.2% to 100%) and 98.0% (93.3% to 100%), respectively. The results for 98.9% (95% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of all-laboratory consensus titers, and the results for 94.3% (85% to 100%) of the samples were within 2-fold of our reference laboratory data. Low-titer samples showed the greatest variability in comparisons between assays and between sites. Classification of seroprotection (titer ≥ 40) was accurate in 93.6% or 89.5% of cases in comparison to the consensus or reference laboratory classification, respectively. This study showed that with carefully chosen standardization processes, high reproducibility of HAI results between laboratories is indeed achievable.

scholarly journals A comparison between indirect ELISA and tuberculin skin test in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Muasya ◽  
George Karuoya Gitau ◽  
Thaiyah Gitau Andrew ◽  
Daniel Waweru Gakuya ◽  
John Vanleeuwen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Apparent Prevalence ◽  
Kappa Agreement

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is an important zoonotic disease which has remained persistent in many areas of the World. Control and eradication has proved problematic due to the challenges in effective screening and diagnosis. Limited information on the status of BTB in Kenya presents a need to investigate its occurrence in cattle population. The study was carried out using an indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA-IDEXX-USA) to assess the agreement with Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test (CITT) test results between August and December 2013 in Laikipia County. The study also determined the apparent prevalence of cattle BTB antibodies in Laikipia County. A total of 276 bovine serum samples were tested using MPB70 and MPB83 recombinant proteins as capture antigens in the ELISA kit. Data were recorded in Microsoft Excel and exported to SPSS 16.0 for analysis. Apparent prevalence was calculated as a proportion at 95% CI, Kappa statistics computed, and test of significance assessed by Chi-square and Fisher exact test.  The results showed an individual animal apparent prevalence of 3.9% (11/276) and a herd prevalence of 58.3% (7/12). There was no significant association between BTB infection and both animal level factors, breed and sex. Kappa agreement test between ELISA test and TST showed a good agreement at K= 0.65. This study reported the prevalence of BTB in cattle for the first time in Laikipia County Kenya using the IDEXX ELISA. The ELISA test was comparable to the tuberculin test which is used as the gold standard for screening TB on live animals. The two tests can be used alongside for series or parallel interpretation to achieve desirable diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in disease control programs.

scholarly journals Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) Antibody Landscapes after Vaccination with diverse H7 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyesun Jang ◽  
Ted M Ross
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Influenza Hemagglutinin ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations ◽  
Antigenic Profile

AbstractBackgroundA systemic evaluation of the antigenic differences of the H7 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, especially for the viruses isolated after 2016, are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antigenic differences of major H7 strains with an ultimate aim to discover H7 HA proteins that can elicit protective receptor-blocking antibodies against co-circulating H7 influenza strains.MethodA panel of nine H7 influenza strains were selected from 3,633 H7 HA amino acid sequences identified over the past two decades (2000-2018). The sequences were expressed on the surface of virus like particles (VLPs) and used to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice. Serum samples were collected and tested for hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) activity. The vaccinated mice were challenged with lethal dose of H7N9 virus, A/Anhui/1/2013.ResultsVLPs expressing the H7 HA antigens elicited broadly reactive antibodies each of the selected H7 HAs, except the A/Turkey/Italy/589/2000 (Italy/00) H7 HA. A putative glycosylation due to an A169T substitution in antigenic site B was identified as a unique antigenic profile of Italy/00. Introduction of the putative glycosylation site (H7 HA-A169T) significantly altered the antigenic profile of HA of the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) strain.ConclusionThis study identified key amino acid mutations that result in severe vaccine mismatches for future H7 epidemics. Future universal influenza vaccine candidates will need to focus on viral variants with these key mutations.

scholarly journals Serological Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Naturally-Infected Mink and Other Experimentally-Infected Animals

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Berguido ◽  
Peter D. Burbelo ◽  
Alessio Bortolami ◽  
Francesco Bonfante ◽  
Kerstin Wernike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
Kappa Agreement

The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans from a yet unidentified animal reservoir and the capacity of the virus to naturally infect pets, farmed animals and potentially wild animals has highlighted the need for serological surveillance tools. In this study, the luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS), employing the spike (S) and nucleocapsid proteins (N) of SARS-CoV-2, was used to examine the suitability of the assay for antibody detection in different animal species. Sera from SARS-CoV-2 naturally-infected mink (n = 77), SARS-CoV-2 experimentally-infected ferrets, fruit bats and hamsters and a rabbit vaccinated with a purified spike protein were examined for antibodies using the SARS-CoV-2 N and/or S proteins. From comparison with the known neutralization status of the serum samples, statistical analyses including calculation of the Spearman rank-order-correlation coefficient and Cohen’s kappa agreement were used to interpret the antibody results and diagnostic performance. The LIPS immunoassay robustly detected the presence of viral antibodies in naturally infected SARS-CoV-2 mink, experimentally infected ferrets, fruit bats and hamsters as well as in an immunized rabbit. For the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-S assay, there was a good level of discrimination between the positive and negative samples for each of the five species tested with 100% agreement with the virus neutralization results. In contrast, the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-N assay did not consistently differentiate between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative sera. This study demonstrates the suitability of the SARS-CoV-2-LIPS-S assay for the sero-surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a range of animal species.

scholarly journals Comparative investigations of sensitivity and specificity of immunoenzyme probe and inhibition hemagglutination test in serological diagnostics of newcastle disease in poultry

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Nenad Milic ◽  
Jakov Nisavic ◽  
Marina Radojicic ◽  
Marina Sekler ◽  
Kazimir Matovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Serological Diagnostics

Comparative investigations of the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect immunoenzyme probe - iELISA and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) in serological diagnostics of the Newcastle disease in poultry were carried out using samples of blood serum taken from non-vaccinated and vaccinated poultry. A total of 14 samples of blood serum from non-vaccinated poultry were examined using the immunoenzyme probe - iELISA, and nine of these were found to be positive to the presence of specific antigen against the Newcastle disease virus, while two samples were suspect, and no presence of specific antibodies was established in three samples. Examinations of 82 samples of blood serum from vaccinated poultry for the presence of specific antibodies against the Newcastle disease virus established their presence in 80 serum samples, while one sample was suspect and one sample was negative. The values of the titer of specific antibodies in blood serum samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry established using the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) ranged from 1:2 to 1:32.

scholarly journals Covid-19 serology in nephrology health care workers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reiter ◽  
Sahra Pajenda ◽  
Ludwig Wagner ◽  
Martina Gaggl ◽  
Johanna Atamaniuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Test System ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Positive Controls

Background: Chronic kidney disease patients show a high mortality in case of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, to be informed on Nephrology personnel's sero-status might be crucial for patient protection. However, limited information exists about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: We examined the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies among health care workers of a tertiary care kidney center during the peak phase of the Covid-19 crisis in Austria using an orthogonal test strategy and a total of 12 commercial nucleocapsid protein or spike glycoprotein based assays as well as Western blotting and a neutralization assay. Results: At baseline 60 of 235 study participants (25.5%, 95% CI: 20.4-31.5) were judged to be borderline positive or positive for IgM or IgG using a high sensitivity/low specificity threshold in one test system. Follow-up analysis after about two weeks revealed IgG positivity in 12 (5.1%, 95% CI: 2.9-8.8) and IgM positivity in six (2.6%, 95% CI: 1.1-5.6) in at least one assay. 2.1% (95% CI: 0.8-5.0) of health care workers showed IgG nucleocapsid antibodies in at least two assays. By contrast, positive controls with proven Covid-19 showed antibody positivity among almost all test systems. Moreover, serum samples obtained from health care workers did not show SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity, in contrast to positive controls. Conclusions: Using a broad spectrum of antibody tests the present study revealed inconsistent results for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among asymptomatic individuals, while this was not the case among Covid-19 patients.

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