scholarly journals Time to Micromanage the Pathogen-Host-Vector Interface: Considerations for Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Manning ◽  
Tineke Cantaert
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Added Benefit ◽  
Vector Borne

The current increase in vector-borne disease worldwide necessitates novel approaches to vaccine development targeted to pathogens delivered by blood-feeding arthropod vectors into the host skin. A concept that is gaining traction in recent years is the contribution of the vector or vector-derived components, like salivary proteins, to host-pathogen interactions. Indeed, the triad of vector-host-pathogen interactions in the skin microenvironment can influence host innate and adaptive responses alike, providing an advantage to the pathogen to establish infection. A better understanding of this “bite site” microenvironment, along with how host and vector local microbiomes immunomodulate responses to pathogens, is required for future vaccines for vector-borne diseases. Microneedle administration of such vaccines may more closely mimic vector deposition of pathogen and saliva into the skin with the added benefit of near painless vaccine delivery. Focusing on the ‘micro’–from microenvironments to microbiomes to microneedles–may yield an improved generation of vector-borne disease vaccines in today’s increasingly complex world.

scholarly journals A comparative study on knowledge and perception of vector borne diseases among rural and urban population in Tamil Nadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2672
Author(s):  
Roselin V. ◽  
Srisanthanakrishnan V.
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Knowledge And Practice

Background: Vector-borne diseases (VBD) remain a major public health challenge, in India. Knowledge about VBD, social, demographic and environmental factors strongly influence the vector transmission and results in major outbreaks. Hence this study was conducted to assess knowledge and practice along with environmental conditions prevailing in both rural and urban areas.Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in rural and urban field practice area of Sri Muthukumaran Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, during June 2018 to December 2018. A total of 472 participants with 236 participants from each urban and rural area were included. Data was collected using proforma and analysis was done using SPSS 16.Results: Knowledge about VBD like dengue was 63.6% and 76.7% among rural and urban population, respectively. Similarly malaria was known by knows 59.3% and 68.2% of rural and urban participants. Japanese Encephalitis was the least known mosquito borne disease in both the groups. (p=0.0136). Common breeding sites addressed by the rural population were artificial collected water (36.9%) and urban population was dirty water (42.8%).Conclusions: Knowledge and practice of preventing vector borne disease is still lacking among both rural and urban participants. Spreading knowledge about VBD is a part in effective vector borne disease control which can be achieved by community education alone rather than insecticides and sprays.

Not to wake a sleeping giant: new insights into host-pathogen interactions identify new targets for vaccination against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 389 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
May Young Lin ◽  
Tom H.M. Ottenhoff
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
New Generation

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosisis one of the worlds' most successful and sophisticated pathogens. It is estimated that over 2 billion people today harbour latentM. tuberculosisinfection without any clinical symptoms. As most new cases of active tuberculosis (TB) arise from this (growing) number of latently infected individuals, urgent measures to control TB reactivation are required, including post-exposure/therapeutic vaccines. The current bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and all new generation TB vaccines being developed and tested are essentially designed as prophylactic vaccines. Unfortunately, these vaccines are unlikely to be effective in individuals already latently infected withM. tuberculosis. Here, we argue that detailed analysis ofM. tuberculosisgenes that are switched on predominantly during latent stage infection may lead to the identification of new antigenic targets for anti-TB strategies. We will describe essential host-pathogen interactions in TB with particular emphasis on TB latency and persistent infection. Subsequently, we will focus on novel groups of late-stage specific genes, encoded amongst others by theM. tuberculosisdormancy (dosR) regulon, and summarise recent studies describing human T-cell recognition of these dormancy antigens in relation to (latent)M. tuberculosisinfection. We will discuss the possible relevance of these new classes of antigens for vaccine development against TB.

scholarly journals Assessment of national vector borne disease control programme in state of Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Puneet Kumar Arali ◽  
Deepthi N. Shanbhag
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Disease Control Programme

ABSTRACTBackground:National vector borne disease control programme(NVBDCP) was launched to control the prevalence of vector borne diseases like malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis (JE), Dengue/DHF, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis and Kala Azar. The present study was done to assess the activities of NVBDCP in state of Karnatakaand to analyze selective qualitative and quantitative indicators related to the activities.Methods:Quantitatively retrospective data was collected from Directorate office Department of Health and Family Welfare, NVBDCP section from April 2016 to March 2017. Qualitatively questionnaire based protocol was made and interviews were conducted with District programme officer, PHC medical officer and  grass root level health workers like ANM, ASHA with reference to one each of selected least performing districts and good performing districts in the state. The collected data was analysed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 version.Results:The highest prevalent districts in Karnataka areDakshina Kannada for malaria, Udupi for dengue, Tumakurufor chikungunya andBidar for lymphatic filariasis. Major factors related to poor outcome in some districts were rigid attitude of the community, poor support of local panchayats and less human resources.Conclusion:The result of this investigation revealed that Dakshina Kannada has got highest number of cases with greater proposition and high prevalence rate of vector borne diseases due to lack of sufficient human resources and geographical factors. Strengthening the surveillance activities along with integrated vector control programmes will improves the outcome of the programme.

scholarly journals Borrelia infection in rodent host has dramatic effects on the microbiome of ticks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phineas T. Hamilton ◽  
Elodie Maluenda ◽  
Anouk Sarr ◽  
Alessandro Belli ◽  
Georgia Hurry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Rodent Host ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Tick Microbiome

AbstractBackgroundVector-borne diseases remain major causes of human morbidity and mortality. It is increasingly recognized that the community of microbes inhabiting arthropods can strongly affect their vector competence, but the role of the tick microbiome in Borrelia transmission – the cause of Lyme disease – remains unclear.ResultsHere, we use a large-scale experiment to clarify the reciprocal interactions between Borrelia afzelii and the microbiome of Ixodes ricinus, its primary vector. In contrast to other reports, we find that depletion of the bacterial microbiome in larval ticks has no effect on their subsequent acquisition of B. afzelii during blood feeding on infected mice. Rather, exposure to B. afzelii-infected hosts drives pervasive changes to the tick microbiome, decreasing overall bacterial abundance, shifting bacterial community composition, and increasing bacterial diversity. These effects appear to be independent of the acquisition of B. afzelii by ticks, suggesting they are mediated by physiological or immunological aspects of B. afzelii infection in the rodent host.ConclusionsManipulation of the microbiome of I. ricinus larvae had no effect on their ability to acquire B. afzelii. In contrast, B. afzelii infection in the mouse had dramatic effects on the composition of the gut microbiome in I. ricinus nymphs. Our study demonstrates that vector-borne infections in the vertebrate host shape the microbiome of the arthropod vector.

Environmental Drivers of Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-118
Author(s):  
Marta S. Shocket ◽  
Christopher B. Anderson ◽  
Jamie M. Caldwell ◽  
Marissa L. Childs ◽  
Lisa I. Couper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Anthropogenic Changes ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Vector Borne

The transmission of vector-borne diseases is sensitive to environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, rainfall, and land use/habitat quality. Understanding these causal relationships is especially important as increasing anthropogenic changes drive shifts in vector-borne disease dynamics. In this chapter, we first briefly describe the biology of vectors and pathogens that underlies environmental influences on transmission of vector-borne diseases. Next, we review the impacts of each of the major environmental drivers (as previously mentioned), synthesizing and comparing mechanisms across different vector-borne disease systems. Then, we discuss key challenges and standard approaches to research in the discipline. Finally, we highlight areas where research is advancing in promising new directions and suggest areas where new approaches are needed.

A Community-Ecology Framework for Understanding Vector and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Blaustein ◽  
Richard S. Ostfeld ◽  
Robert D. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Community Ecology ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Vector Diversity

The integration of community ecology into the understanding and management of vectors and vector-borne diseases has largely occurred only recently. This compendium examines a variety of community interactions that can affect vector or vector-borne disease dynamics. They include: the importance of risk of predation, risk of ectoparasatism, competition, interactions of competition with transgenic control, apparent competition mediated through vectors, indirect effects of pesticides, vector diversity, and parasite diversity within a vector. In this paper, we summarize these studies and introduce several additional important questions in need of further exploration.

Global Warming and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsuo Kobayashi ◽  
◽  
Osamu Komagata ◽  
Naoko Nihei
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Extreme Climate ◽  
Ipcc Report ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Global Mean Sea Level

Vector-borne diseases result from infections transmitted to humans by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Such cold-blooded animals are influenced by environmental change. A recent IPCC report clearly showed that the emission of greenhouse gases has already changed world climates. Heat waves in Europe, rises in global mean sea level, summer droughts and wild fires, more intense precipitation, and increasing numbers of large cyclones and hurricanes may be typical example of extreme climate phenomena related to global warming. High temperatures may increase survival among arthropods, depending on their vector, behavior, ecology, and valuable factors, and temperate zone warming may accelerate the spread of mosquitoes such asAedes albopictus. The MIROK (K1) Model clearly shows a northern limit forAe.albopictus, particularly in northern Honshu in 2035 and southern and middle Hokkaido Island in 2100 in Japan. The spread of the mosquito vector through global used-tire trading in recent decades to Africa, the Mideast, Europe, and North and South America caused an outbreak of Chikungunya fever in north Italy in 2007. Global warming, extreme climate change, changing physical distribution, and an increase in oversea travel are also expected to influence the epidemiology of vector-borne infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases in COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a District in Jharkhand, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 424-430
Author(s):  
Vidushi Topno ◽  
Vikas Oraon
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

The study is aimed to assess the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) like banning mass gatherings (Lockdown) etc on vector borne diseases. This study can throw some light on the epidemiology of all vector-borne diseases under surveillance during this COVID-19 pandemic. This study is done in Dumka district, Jharkhand. Method- A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 Blocks of Dumka District. Sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling. Study of six month was conducted for vector-borne diseases from January 2021– June 2021.To know the epidemiology of vector-borne disease before and after COVID-19 pandemic, data from the year 2019 and 2020 was used for data analysis. Result – During the six months study period between January 2021-June 2021, maximum number of cases found in Dumka District was Kala-azar followed by Lymphatic Filariasis and then Malaria. There was sharp decrease in number of vector-borne disease cases. After data analysis between the year 2019 and 2020 reduction of cases was seen in Kala-azar (15.3%), Lymphatic Filariasis (8.9%) and maximum reduction of cases was seen Malaria (98.1%). Conclusion – A drastic reduction in reported cases of vector-borne diseases was noticed. To better understand the reason behind the changes in vector-borne disease prevalence a consistent and vigilant surveillance is required. Keywords: COVID-19, Vector-borne diseases, non-pharmaceutical interventions.

scholarly journals 3D-Chaotic discrete system of vector borne diseases using environment factor with deep analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3972-3987
Author(s):  
Shaymaa H. Salih ◽  
◽  
Nadia M. G. Al-Saidi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete System ◽  
Chaotic Dynamics ◽  
Chaotic Systems ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Environment Factor

<abstract><p>Vector-Borne Disease (VBD) is a disease that consequences as of an infection communicated to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropoids, like mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. Instances of VBDs include Dengue infection, Lyme infection, West Nile virus, and malaria. In this effort, we formulate a parametric discrete-time chaotic system that involves an environmental factor causing VBD. Our suggestion is to study how the inclusion of the parasitic transmission media (PTM) in the system would impact the analysis results. We consider a chaotic formula of the PTM impact, separating two types of functions, the host and the parasite. The considered applications are typically characterized by chaotic dynamics, and thus chaotic systems are suitable for their modeling, with corresponding model parameters, that depend on control measures. Dynamical performances of the suggested system and its global stability are considered.</p></abstract>

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