Serum Antibody Response Comparison and Adverse Reaction Analysis in Healthcare Workers Vaccinated with the BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 COVID-19 Vaccine

The COVID-19 pandemic is changing rapidly and requires different strategies to maintain immunization. In Korea, different COVID-19 vaccines are recommended and available for various populations, including healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We plan to evaluate the adverse events (AEs) and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines in HCWs at a single center. This cohort study included HCWs fully vaccinated with either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Blood samples were taken eight weeks after the second vaccination with both COVID-19 vaccines and six months after the second vaccination from participants with the BNT162b2 vaccine. The primary endpoint for immunogenicity was the serum neutralizing antibody responses eight weeks after vaccination. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of various AEs within 28 days of each vaccination. Between 16 March and 23 June 2021, 115 participants were enrolled (65 in the ChAdOx1 group and 50 in the BNT162b2 group). Significantly higher surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) inhibition was observed in participants vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 (mean (SD) 91.4 (9.68)%) than in those vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (mean (SD) 73.3 (22.57)%). The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine was maintained across all age and gender categories. At six months after the second dose, serum antibody levels declined significantly in the BNT162b2 group. The main adverse events, including fever, myalgia, fatigue, and headache, were significantly higher in the ChAdOx1 group after the first dose, whereas, after the second dose, those AEs were significantly higher in the BNT162b2 group (p < 0.05). Two doses of either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine resulted in very high seropositivity among the HCWs at our center. The quality of the antibody response, measured by sVNT inhibition, was significantly better with the BNT162b2 vaccine than with the ChAdOx1 vaccine. There was no significant association between neutralizing antibody response and AE after each vaccination in our cohort.

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Antibody response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to the cestode, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182099004242 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 118 (6) ◽

pp. 635-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

P. NIE ◽

D. HOOLE

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Immune Protection ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Antibody Secreting Cells

The humoral antibody response and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were examined in naturally Bothriocephalus acheilognathi-infected carp. Cyprinus carpio, and in those injected intraperitoneally with an extract of the cestode. In the extract-injected fish, specific antibody was detected 3 weeks after a second injection given 2 weeks after the primary injection, and antibody levels persisted for more than 200 days. A third injection also enhanced the antibody level in the extract-injected carp. The numbers of antibody-secreting cells were significantly higher in carp injected 3 times with the extract than in the control. In naturally-infected fish, the serum antibody levels and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were higher in infected fish than in uninfected individuals although this difference was not statistically significant. The relevance of these results to immune protection against infection is discussed.

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More rapid, robust and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

10.1101/2021.08.04.21261561 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina E Racine-Brzostek ◽

Jim Yee ◽

Ashley Sukhu ◽

Yuqing Qiu ◽

Sophie Rand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Real World ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Antibody Levels

Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 subjects: comparing BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19 [RecoVax]; 49 never been diagnosed [NaiveVax]) to 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced a delay in generating SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels (TAb) and neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the 1st vaccine dose (D1), but a rapid increase in antibody levels was observed after the 2nd dose (D2). However, these never reached the robust levels observed in RecoVax. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4-weeks post-D2 (p=0.003;p<0.001). For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted throughout this study, after reaching maximal levels 2-weeks post-D2; but SNAb decreased significantly ~6-months post-D1 (p=0.002). Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by ~6-months post-D1. These data suggest that one vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb overtime, long-term avidity maybe a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

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Antibody response induced by the boost overdose during COVID-19 heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy: A four-case study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-885163/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Raposo ◽

Giuseppe Lippi

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Antibody Level ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Vaccination Schedule ◽

Boost Vaccination ◽

Boost Vaccine ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Ig G

Abstract Objectives The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD Ig G antibody response in BNT162b2 vaccine recipients who erroneously received vaccine overdose. Methods Measurement of antibody levels at different time-points was performed to define the dynamics of immunization after a wrongly vaccination schedule. Three recipients had no previous evidence of infection and received the first shot of Oxford/AstraZeneca before the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. Another patient, formerly infected by SARS-CoV-2, received one shot of BNT162b2 vaccine. Results At day 6 after the second vaccine dose the serum increase of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD Ig G antibodies was analogous for the three SARS-CoV-2 naïve recipients. At 14 days the antibody level increased and reached a peak, though displaying a different pattern among the three recipients. At 21 days the serum antibody level started to decrease from its maximum value. The data for the previously infected recipient were in agreement with values found in COVID-19 positive receivers. Thus, after the single prime-dose of vaccine, the elicited antibody response was similar to prime-boost vaccination in naïve recipients. Conclusions This study confirms the efficiency of the BNT162b vaccine in eliciting a sustained antibody response as heterologous boost-vaccine in previously Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccinated recipients, as well as, prime-vaccine in COVID-19 infected receivers. Importantly, the humoral immunity response of recipients was not proportional to the vaccine overdose. Nonetheless, we cannot portray a univocal effect of vaccine overdose concerning anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response because the values found especially in the three SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects were highly heterogeneous.

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Effect Monitoring and Insights from Vaccination program of Healthcare Workforce from a tertiary level hospital in India against SARS-CoV-2

10.1101/2021.02.28.21252621 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajat Ujjainia ◽

Akansha Tyagi ◽

Viren Sardana ◽

Salwa Naushin ◽

Nitin Bhatheja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Protein S ◽

Maximum Increase ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Neutralizing Activity ◽

Effect Monitoring ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Level Hospital

AbstractThe Oxford-Astra Zeneca COVID 19 vaccine (AZD1222 or ChAdOx1) is locally manufactured as Covishield by Serum Institute, Pune, India. In a group of 307 healthcare workers administered Covishield, we report measured antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 directed against the spike protein (S-antigen) at days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 45, with second dose on day 28 for all except 20 subjects who did not receive a second dose. In 129 subjects (42%) who had already developed antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at day 0 (before immunization), it was observed that antibody response was significantly higher at each time point, with the maximum increase seen between days 0 and 7. The antibody levels and neutralizing activity in these subjects had peaked by day 28 and the second dose did not lead to further increase. Data from 9 subjects who were seropositive at baseline and received only one dose was similar to those who received both doses. In contrast the baseline sero-negative group (n=178) started developing antibody response only after 14 days or later. Administration of the second dose was associated with further increase in antibody levels at day 45 compared to day 28, with marked increase in neutralizing activity. In baseline seronegative subjects, who did not take the vaccine at day 28 (n=11), the antibody levels increased by about 2.5 folds between days 28 and 45, with minimal change in the neutralizing antibodies. In general, vaccination was well tolerated, and there were no group specific differences in post-vaccination symptomatology. Our data suggests that ChAdOx1 is highly immunogenic, particularly so where previous SARS CoV2 antibody-response is established. In such subjects, a single dose may be sufficient but in absence of such determination, both doses are required.

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Machine Learning-Based Single Cell and Integrative Analysis Reveals That Baseline mDC Predisposition Correlates With Hepatitis B Vaccine Antibody Response

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.690470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Brian D. Aevermann ◽

Casey P. Shannon ◽

Mark Novotny ◽

Rym Ben-Othman ◽

Bing Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Single Dose ◽

Dendritic Cell ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Single Cell ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Hbv Vaccine ◽

Wide Range ◽

Antibody Levels

Vaccination to prevent infectious disease is one of the most successful public health interventions ever developed. And yet, variability in individual vaccine effectiveness suggests that a better mechanistic understanding of vaccine-induced immune responses could improve vaccine design and efficacy. We have previously shown that protective antibody levels could be elicited in a subset of recipients with only a single dose of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and that a wide range of antibody levels were elicited after three doses. The immune mechanisms responsible for this vaccine response variability is unclear. Using single cell RNA sequencing of sorted innate immune cell subsets, we identified two distinct myeloid dendritic cell subsets (NDRG1-expressing mDC2 and CDKN1C-expressing mDC4), the ratio of which at baseline (pre-vaccination) correlated with the immune response to a single dose of HBV vaccine. Our results suggest that the participants in our vaccine study were in one of two different dendritic cell dispositional states at baseline – an NDRG2-mDC2 state in which the vaccine elicited an antibody response after a single immunization or a CDKN1C-mDC4 state in which the vaccine required two or three doses for induction of antibody responses. To explore this correlation further, genes expressed in these mDC subsets were used for feature selection prior to the construction of predictive models using supervised canonical correlation machine learning. The resulting models showed an improved correlation with serum antibody titers in response to full vaccination. Taken together, these results suggest that the propensity of circulating dendritic cells toward either activation or suppression, their “dispositional endotype” at pre-vaccination baseline, could dictate response to vaccination.

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Antibody Response after BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers Previously Exposed and Not Exposed to SARS-CoV-2

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10184204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

pp. 4204

Author(s):

Marcello Salvaggio ◽

Federica Fusina ◽

Filippo Albani ◽

Maurizio Salvaggio ◽

Rasula Beschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Antibody Concentration ◽

Clinical Documentation ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Effective Number ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Previous Infection ◽

Antibody Levels

The Pfizer/BioNtech Comirnaty vaccine (BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19) against SARS-CoV-2 is currently in use in Italy. Antibodies to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to administration are not routinely tested; therefore, two doses may be administered to asymptomatic previously exposed subjects. The aim of this study is to assess if any difference in antibody concentration between subjects exposed and not exposed to SARS-CoV-2 prior to BNT162b2 was present after the first dose and after the second dose of vaccine. Data were retrospectively collected from the clinical documentation of 337 healthcare workers who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing before and after BNT162b2. Total anti RBD (receptor-binding domain) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2′s spike protein were measured before and 21 days after the first dose, and 12 days after the second dose of BNT162b2. Twenty-one days after the first dose, there was a statistically significant difference in antibody concentration between the two groups, which was also maintained twelve days after the second dose. In conclusion, antibody response after receiving BNT162b2 is greater in subjects who have been previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 than in subjects who have not been previously exposed to the virus, both after 21 days after the first dose and after 12 days from the second dose. Antibody levels, 21 days after the first dose, reached a titer considered positive by the test manufacturer in the majority of subjects who have been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Evaluating previous infection prior to vaccination in order to give the least effective number of doses should be considered.

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Neutralizing antibody response in non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients

10.1101/2020.08.07.20169961 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Ruetalo ◽

Ramona Businger ◽

Karina Althaus ◽

Simon Fink ◽

Felix Ruoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Western Blot ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Surrogate Markers ◽

High Antibody ◽

Serological Survey ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

Antibody Levels

The majority of infections with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or mild without the necessity of hospitalization. It is of importance to reveal if these patients develop an antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and to define which antibodies confer virus neutralization. We conducted a comprehensive serological survey of 49 patients with a mild course of disease and quantified neutralizing antibody responses against a clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolate employing human cells as targets. Four patients (8%), even though symptomatic, did not develop antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and two other patients (4%) were only positive in one of the six serological assays employed. For the remainder, antibody response against the S-protein correlated with serum neutralization whereas antibodies against the nucleocapsid were poor predictors of virus neutralization. Regarding neutralization, only six patients (12%) could be classified as highly neutralizers. Furthermore, sera from several individuals with fairly high antibody levels had only poor neutralizing activity. In addition, employing a novel serological Western blot system to characterize antibody responses against seasonal coronaviruses, we found that antibodies against the seasonal coronavirus 229E might contribute to SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Altogether, we show that there is a wide breadth of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients that differentially correlate with virus neutralization. This highlights the difficulty to define reliable surrogate markers for immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

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Can individuals with low antibody responses to vaccines against other viruses acquire adequate SARS-CoV-2 antibody after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine?

10.1101/2021.12.26.21268358 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wataru Ogura ◽

Kouki Ohtsuka ◽

Sachiko Matsuura ◽

Takahiro Okuyama ◽

Satsuki Matsushima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Antibody Activity ◽

Low Responders ◽

Before And After ◽

Positive Threshold ◽

Antibody Levels

Objective In Japan, healthcare workers (HCWs) are vaccinated against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and other contagious viruses (measles, rubella, chickenpox, mumps, and hepatitis B) to prevent nosocomial infection. However, some do not produce sufficient antibodies after vaccination (low responders). This study investigated changes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels among HCWs after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and assessed whether low responders produced adequate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and neutralizing antibodies. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of HCWs before and after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a hospital in Tokyo, Japan. The HCWs received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, 3 weeks apart. Those whose antibody levels against previous antiviral vaccines did not reach protective antibody levels after receiving two doses were defined as low responders, whereas those who produced adequate antibodies were defined as normal responders. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibodies were measured 11 times from before the first BNT162b2 vaccination to 5 months after the second vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity was measured twice in low responders, 1 week to 1 month and 5 months after the second vaccination. Results Fifty HCWs were included in the analytic cohort. After vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody was detectable in the samples from both responders at each timepoint, but the level was lower at 5 months than at 1 week after the second vaccination. Low responders had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity 1 week to 1 month after the second vaccination, which exceeded the positive threshold after 5 months. Conclusion After BNT162b2 vaccination, low responders acquired adequate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies to prevent SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels were lower at 5 months than at 1 week after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in low and normal responders. Therefore, low responders should also receive a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine.

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Immunologic Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Infants

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894800890s382 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 351-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

John L. Sloyer ◽

Laurel J. Karr ◽

John H. Ploussard ◽

Gerald D. Schiffman

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Young Infant ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Capsular Polysaccharides ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Group 1

The serum antibody response to purified pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PCP) was determined in four groups of infants ranging in age from 3 to 24 months. Group 1 consisted of eight infants immunized with an octavalent vaccine containing serotypes 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18, 19 and 23 (PCP-8). Group 1 received 25 μg of each serotype at 3–6 months of age and again at 18–24 months. The antibody response after the second immunization was compared to a group of nine patients receiving a primary immunization at 18–24 months and to a group of ten age-matched controls receiving saline placebo. There were no significant differences in mean serum antibody levels between the two groups receiving the PCP-8. A fourth group of 44 infants between 6 and 21 months of age received either PCP-7 or PCP-8 and were followed for two years, at which time simultaneous injections of both vaccines were administered. Types 2, 3, 7, and 8 were most immunogenic but levels six months after immunization were approximately the same as for unimmunized controls with the exception of serotypes 3 and 7 which persisted for about two years. The class of antibody induced either by natural infection or by immunization was preferentially IgG and it was more often induced by the former. There were no significant differences between the serotypes of pneumococci isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures regardless of which vaccine was administered. Finally, the least immunogenic serotypes include 4, 6, 14, 19, and 23 and these are the only serotypes thus far associated with otitis media after immunization. The results suggest that PCP do not induce a lasting immune tolerance at the dose administered in this study; PCP are not very immunogenic in the young infant; PCP antibody tends to rise naturally; IgG antibody is preferentially induced; nasopharyngeal colonization is not altered by PCP immunization; and an association may exist between PCP immunogenicity and subsequent onset of otitis media.

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Timing of Intradermal Rabies Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Injections: Immunological Effect on Vaccination Response

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usz048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 184 (9-10) ◽

pp. e515-e521 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mathias D M Van Nieuwenhove ◽

Benjamin Damanet ◽

Patrick Soentjens

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Dose ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

Immunological Effect ◽

Independent Variable ◽

And Gender ◽

Global Threat ◽

Administration Timing ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Antibody Levels

Abstract Introduction Rabies remains a global threat, with annually over 59,000 deaths. Intradermal (ID) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is very efficient and reduces the need for rabies immunoglobulins. Not much is known about factors that influence the immune response to ID administered rabies vaccine. The aim of this study is to determine if variations in timing of vaccine administration and serology determination, age and gender have an influence on the levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) after ID rabies vaccination. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study based on electronic health record vaccination data of Belgian military personnel who received ID rabies PrEP with a three injections regimen during the period 2014–2017. Serology was determined by using the RFFIT method. Fischer’s exacts tests were used to evaluate the effect of each independent variable on RVNA levels. Results In this study, 2,112 subjects were included. All but one seroconverted with a RVNA level ≥0.5 IU/mL. About 48% of subjects developed an antibody titer of >10 IU/mL, 36% had antibody levels 3–10 IU/mL and 16% had an antibody level 0.5–2.99 IU/mL. Statistically significant (p = 0.0018) higher RVNA levels are observed in the groups that received vaccination doses later as planned. Timing of serology determination also influenced RVNA levels significantly (p = 0.000). Antibody levels were significantly higher in females than in males (p = 0.000). Age did influence RVNA levels significantly (p = 0.022). Conclusions Timing of vaccine dose administration, timing of serology testing, sex and age do significantly influence the humoral B-cell response to ID administered rabies vaccine.

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