Epidemiology and National Surveillance System for Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in Thailand during 2008–2019

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a prominent transboundary disease that threatens livestock production and can disrupt the trade in animals and animal products at both regional and international levels. The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the distribution of FMD in Thailand during the period of 2008 to 2019, (2) to outline a national surveillance approach, and (3) to identify the existing knowledge gap that is associated with this disease in relation to cattle production. We analyzed FMD outbreak data in order to determine the existing spatial and temporal trends and reviewed relevant publications and official documents that helped us outline a national surveillance program. There were 1209 FMD outbreaks in cattle farms during the study period. FMD outbreaks occurred every year throughout the study period in several regions. Notably, FMD serotype O and A were considered the predominant types. The FMD National Strategic Plan (2008–2015) and the national FMD control program (2016–2023) have been implemented in order to control this disease. The surveillance approach employed by livestock authorities included both active and passive surveillance techniques. The vaccination program was applied to herds of cattle 2–3 times per year. Additionally, numerous control measures have been implemented across the country. We have identified the need for a study on the assessment of an applicable surveillance program, the evaluation of an appropriate vaccination strategy and an assessment of the effectiveness of a measured control policy. In conclusion, this study provided much needed knowledge on the epidemiology of FMD outbreaks across Thailand from 2008 to 2019. Additionally, we identified the need for future studies to address the existing knowledge gaps. The findings from this study may also be useful for livestock authorities and stakeholders to establish an enhanced control strategy and to implement an effective surveillance system that would control and eradicate FMD throughout the country.

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Post-outbreak surveillance strategies to support proof of freedom from foot-and-mouth disease

10.1101/2021.04.27.441714 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Bradhurst ◽

Graeme Garner ◽

Iain East ◽

Clare Death ◽

Aaron Dodd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Model ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Control Program ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Statistical Confidence ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

The Face ◽

Sampling Regime ◽

The Cost

AbstractWhilst emergency vaccination may help contain foot-and-mouth disease in a previously FMD-free country, its use complicates post-outbreak surveillance and the recovery of FMD-free status. A structured surveillance program is required that can distinguish between vaccinated and residually infected animals, and provide statistical confidence that the virus is no longer circulating in previously infected areas.Epidemiological models have been well-used to investigate the potential benefits of emergency vaccination during a control progam and when/where/whom to vaccinate in the face of finite supplies of vaccine and personnel. Less well studied are post-outbreak issues such as the management of vaccinated animals and the implications of having used vaccination during surveillance regimes to support proof-of-freedom. This paper presents enhancements to the Australian Animal Disease Model (AADIS) that allow comparisons of different post-outbreak surveillance sampling regimes for establishing proof-of-freedom from FMD.A case study is provided that compares a baseline surveillance sampling regime (derived from current OIE guidelines), with an alternative less intensive sampling regime. It was found that when vaccination was not part of the control program, a reduced sampling intensity significantly reduced the number of samples collected and the cost of the post-outbreak surveillance program, without increasing the risk of missing residual infected herds.

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Parameter-dependent transmission dynamics and optimal control of foot and mouth disease in a contaminated environment

Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society ◽

10.1186/s42787-019-0058-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francis Mugabi ◽

Joseph Mugisha ◽

Betty Nannyonga ◽

Henry Kasumba ◽

Margaret Tusiime

Keyword(s):

Optimal Control ◽

Deterministic Model ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Decay Rates ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Optimality System ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Environmental Decontamination

AbstractThe problem of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is of serious concern to the livestock sector in most nations, especially in developing countries. This paper presents the formulation and analysis of a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of FMD through a contaminated environment. It is shown that the key parameters that drive the transmission of FMD in a contaminated environment are the shedding, transmission, and decay rates of the virus. Using numerical results, it is depicted that the host-to-host route is more severe than the environmental-to-host route. The model is then transformed into an optimal control problem. Using the Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, the optimality system is determined. Utilizing a gradient type algorithm with projection, the optimality system is solved for three control strategies: optimal use of vaccination, environmental decontamination, and a combination of vaccination and environmental decontamination. Results show that a combination of vaccination and environmental decontamination is the most optimal strategy. These results indicate that if vaccination and environmental decontamination are used optimally during an outbreak, then FMD transmission can be controlled. Future studies focusing on the control measures for the transmission of FMD in a contaminated environment should aim at reducing the transmission and the shedding rates, while increasing the decay rate.

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Association between meteorological factors and reported cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease from 2000 to 2015 in Japan

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268817001820 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (14) ◽

pp. 2896-2911 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. SUMI ◽

S. TOYODA ◽

K. KANOU ◽

T. FUJIMOTO ◽

K. MISE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Entropy Method ◽

Temperature Data ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Lower Threshold ◽

Control Measures ◽

Temperature Threshold ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Foot And Mouth

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to clarify the association between hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics and meteorological conditions. We used HFMD surveillance data of all 47 prefectures in Japan from January 2000 to December 2015. Spectral analysis was performed using the maximum entropy method (MEM) for temperature-, relative humidity-, and total rainfall-dependent incidence data. Using MEM-estimated periods, long-term oscillatory trends were calculated using the least squares fitting (LSF) method. The temperature and relative humidity thresholds of HFMD data were estimated from the LSF curves. The average temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 12 °C and a higher threshold at 30 °C for risk of HFMD infection. Maximum and minimum temperature data indicated a lower threshold at 6 °C and a higher threshold at 35 °C, suggesting a need for HFMD control measures at temperatures between 6 and 35 °C. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of maximum and minimum temperatures rather than the average temperature, to estimate the temperature threshold of HFMD infections. The results obtained might aid in the prediction of epidemics and preparation for the effect of climatic changes on HFMD epidemiology.

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Foot and Mouth Disease : Etiology, Epidemiology and Control Measures

Infection and Chemotherapy ◽

10.3947/ic.2011.43.2.178 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Han Sang Yoo

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

And Control

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The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008–2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci5040101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 101 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Terdsak Yano ◽

Sith Premashthira ◽

Tosapol Dejyong ◽

Sahatchai Tangtrongsup ◽

Mo D. Salman

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Animal Movement ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Control Programme ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Control Measures ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

And Control

Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008–2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.

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Evaluation of Quality Control Methods for Foot-And-Mouth Disease Vaccines by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9030194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 194

Author(s):

Mun-Hyeon Kim ◽

Seon-Jong Yun ◽

Yeon-Hee Kim ◽

Hyang-Sim Lee ◽

Ji-Yeon Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Reference Method ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Standard Material ◽

Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered one of the highly contagious viral infections affecting livestock. In Korea, an FMD vaccination policy has been implemented nationwide since 2010 for the prevention and control of FMD. Since the vaccines are imported from various countries, standardized quality control measures are critical. In this study, we aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device in the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency lab and identify an appropriate FMD vaccine pretreatment method for HPLC—a simple, reliable, and practical method to measure antigen content. Based on the analyses of specificity, linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, limits of detection, and limits of quantification using FMD standard samples, we validated the method using a standard material. Overall, we confirmed that the HPLC technique is effective for the quantitative assessment of the FMD virus 146S antigen in Korea. Using commercial FMD vaccines, we evaluated three separation methods and identified the method using n-pentanol and trichloroethylene as optimal for HPLC analysis. Our HPLC method was effective for the analytical detection of the antigen content in FMD vaccine, and it may be useful as a reference method for national lot-release testing.

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Outbreak response intervention models of vaccine-preventable diseases in humans and foot-and-mouth disease in livestock: a protocol for a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e036172

Author(s):

James M Azam ◽

Elisha B Are ◽

Xiaoxi Pang ◽

Matthew J Ferrari ◽

Juliet R C Pulliam

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Decision Making ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Response Decision ◽

The Impact

IntroductionOutbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases continue to threaten public health, despite the proven effectiveness of vaccines. Interventions such as vaccination, social distancing and palliative care are usually implemented, either individually or in combination, to control these outbreaks. Mathematical models are often used to assess the impact of these interventions and for supporting outbreak response decision making. The objectives of this systematic review, which covers all human vaccine-preventable diseases, are to determine the relative impact of vaccination compared with other outbreak interventions, and to ascertain the temporal trends in the use of modelling in outbreak response decision making. We will also identify gaps and opportunities for future research through a comparison with the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak response modelling literature, which has good examples of the use of modelling to inform outbreak response intervention decision making.Methods and analysisWe searched on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and some preprint servers from the start of indexing to 15 January 2020. Inclusion: modelling studies, published in English, that use a mechanistic approach to evaluate the impact of an outbreak intervention. Exclusion: reviews, and studies that do not describe or use mechanistic models or do not describe an outbreak. We will extract data from the included studies such as their objectives, model types and composition, and conclusions on the impact of the intervention. We will ascertain the impact of models on outbreak response decision making through visualisation of time trends in the use of the models. We will also present our results in narrative style.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will not require any ethics approval since it only involves scientific articles. The review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and at various conferences fitting its scope.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020160803.

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Diagnosis and Control Measures of the 2010 Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease A Type in the Republic of Korea

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases ◽

10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01333.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 188-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

J. H. Park ◽

K. N. Lee ◽

Y. J. Ko ◽

S. M. Kim ◽

H. S. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

The Republic ◽

And Control

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Challenges and Economic Implications in the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from the Zambian Experience

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2014/373921 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Y. Sinkala ◽

M. Simuunza ◽

D. U. Pfeiffer ◽

H. M. Munang’andu ◽

M. Mulumba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Movement Control ◽

Personal Communication ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Sub Saharan

Foot and mouth disease is one of the world’s most important livestock diseases for trade. FMD infections are complex in nature and there are many epidemiological factors needing clarification. Key questions relate to the control challenges and economic impact of the disease for resource-poor FMD endemic countries like Zambia. A review of the control challenges and economic impact of FMD outbreaks in Zambia was made. Information was collected from peer-reviewed journals articles, conference proceedings, unpublished scientific reports, and personal communication with scientists and personal field experiences. The challenges of controlling FMD using mainly vaccination and movement control are discussed. Impacts include losses in income of over US$ 1.6 billion from exports of beef and sable antelopes and an annual cost of over US$ 2.7 million on preventive measures. Further impacts included unquantified losses in production and low investment in agriculture resulting in slow economic growth. FMD persistence may be a result of inadequate epidemiological understanding of the disease and ineffectiveness of the control measures that are being applied. The identified gaps may be considered in the annual appraisal of the FMD national control strategy in order to advance on the progressive control pathway.

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