The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Mild-moderate (MEA), severe (SEA) equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are common respiratory disorders in horses. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the role of ultrasonography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of these conditions. Three hundred and three horses were included and divided into SEA, MEA and MEA + EIPH groups, on the basis of history, clinical examination and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cytology; scores were assigned to lung ultrasonography, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), tracheal mucus (TM) and tracheal bifurcation edema (TB). These scores were compared between groups, and their associations with age, BALf cytology, tracheal wash microbiology and between endoscopic and ultrasonographic scores were statistically analyzed. Ultrasonographic scores were higher in the SEA and MEA + EIPH groups and associated with increased BALf neutrophils and hemosiderophages. The PLH score was higher in younger horses affected by MEA and EIPH and associated with increased eosinophils and hemosiderophages. TM and TB scores were greater in older horses affected by SEA, associated with increased neutrophils and inversely correlated with hemosiderophages. Moreover, TM grade was negatively correlated with mast cells. Thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy can provide useful information about the inflammatory status of upper and lower airways in the horse.

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A retrospective study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in barrel racing horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and asthma in Texas from 2016 to 2018

Research in Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 132 ◽

pp. 338-341

Author(s):

Emily A. Sundman ◽

Munashe Chigerwe ◽

Laszlo M. Hunyadi

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Fluid Analysis ◽

Exercise Induced

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Validation of a Rapid Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Colorimetric Evaluation for Assessing the Severity of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Horses in Field Conditions

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

pp. 103284

Author(s):

Linnea M. Warlick ◽

Renaud Léguillette ◽

Clark Kogan ◽

Jenifer R. Gold ◽

Warwick M. Bayly

Keyword(s):

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Colorimetric Evaluation

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Treatment with senicapoc in a porcine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Intensive Care Medicine Experimental ◽

10.1186/s40635-021-00381-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Asbjørn G. Petersen ◽

Peter C. Lind ◽

Anne-Sophie B. Jensen ◽

Mark A. Eggertsen ◽

Asger Granfeldt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Lung Injury ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Primary Endpoint ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽

Lavage Fluid

Abstract Background Senicapoc is a potent and selective blocker of KCa3.1, a calcium-activated potassium channel of intermediate conductance. In the present study, we investigated whether there is a beneficial effect of senicapoc in a large animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The primary end point was the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Methods ARDS was induced in female pigs (42–49 kg) by repeated lung lavages followed by injurious mechanical ventilation. Animals were then randomly assigned to vehicle (n = 9) or intravenous senicapoc (10 mg, n = 9) and received lung-protective ventilation for 6 h. Results Final senicapoc plasma concentrations were 67 ± 18 nM (n = 9). Senicapoc failed to change the primary endpoint PaO2/FiO2 ratio (senicapoc, 133 ± 23 mmHg; vehicle, 149 ± 68 mmHg). Lung compliance remained similar in the two groups. Senicapoc reduced the level of white blood cells and neutrophils, while the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were unaltered 6 h after induction of the lung injury. Senicapoc-treatment reduced the level of neutrophils in the alveolar space but with no difference between groups in the cumulative lung injury score. Histological analysis of pulmonary hemorrhage indicated a positive effect of senicapoc on alveolar–capillary barrier function, but this was not supported by measurements of albumin content and total protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Conclusions In summary, senicapoc failed to improve the primary endpoint PaO2/FiO2 ratio, but reduced pulmonary hemorrhage and the influx of neutrophils into the lung. These findings open the perspective that blocking KCa3.1 channels is a potential treatment to reduce alveolar neutrophil accumulation and improve long-term outcome in ARDS.

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Crucial Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Bronchial Asthma

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20102589 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 2589 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tatsuya Nagano ◽

Masahiro Katsurada ◽

Ryota Dokuni ◽

Daisuke Hazama ◽

Tatsunori Kiriu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Cell Types ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Generation Process ◽

Intracellular Proteins ◽

Novel Biomarkers ◽

Microarray Analyses

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are circulating vesicles secreted by various cell types. EVs are classified into three groups according to size, structural components, and generation process of vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Recently, EVs have been considered to be crucial for cell-to-cell communications and homeostasis because they contain intracellular proteins and nucleic acids. Epithelial cells from mice suffering from bronchial asthma (BA) secrete more EVs and suppress inflammation-induced EV production. Moreover, microarray analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have revealed that several microRNAs are useful novel biomarkers of BA. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived EVs are possible candidates of novel BA therapy. In this review, we highlight the biologic roles of EVs in BA and review novel EV-targeted therapy to help understanding by clinicians and biologists.

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Effect of a syringe aspiration technique versus a mechanical suction technique and use of N-butylscopolammonium bromide on the quantity and quality of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from horses with the summer pasture endophenotype of equine asthma

American Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2460/ajvr.79.3.348 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 348-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jacquelyn E. Bowser ◽

Lais R. R. Costa ◽

Alba U. Rodil ◽

Christine T. Lopp ◽

Melanie E. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Aspiration Technique ◽

Summer Pasture ◽

Equine Asthma ◽

Butylscopolammonium Bromide

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Cytomegaloviral or Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia Increases Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Evidence from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.180104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 251-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yi-Syuan Sun ◽

De-Feng Huang ◽

Fang-Chi Lin ◽

Chih-Kai Hsu ◽

I-Ting Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Pneumocystis Jiroveci

Objective.To evaluate the role of cytomegaloviral or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (CMV/PJP) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with pulmonary hemorrhage (PH).Methods.We retrospectively examined hospital records for 27 SLE patients with PH who received bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analyses. Clinical profile and mortality rates were compared between groups with and without CMV/PJP. Risk factors for PH-related mortality were analyzed.Results.Among 27 SLE patients with PH, 15 had pathogens from BALF samples, and 8 had CMV/PJP. Although CMV/PJP was treated, the RR for 90- and 180-day mortality rates of SLE patients with CMV/PJP were higher than those without these infections (5.94, 95% CI 1.44–24.48; 7.13, 95% CI 1.81–28.06, respectively). Risk factors for 90- and 180-day mortality were presence of CMV/PJP (OR 14.2, 95% CI 1.83–109.9; OR 25.5, 95% CI 2.91–223.3, respectively) and use of pulse methylprednisolone for PH treatment (OR 12.0, 95% CI 1.48–97.2; OR 8.5, 95% CI 1.13–63.9, respectively). Factors increasing the 90-day mortality rate were duration of mechanical ventilation exceeding 14 days (OR 11.1, 95% CI 1.11–112.0) and use of aggressive immunosuppression close to PH onset (OR 7.56, 95% CI 1.09–52.4). Three of the 7 patients receiving aggressive immunosuppression died with the presence of CMV/PJP.Conclusion.Owing to the high prevalence of CMV/PJP and its association with mortality, routine BALF analysis is recommended for all suitable SLE patients with PH. Use of aggressive immunosuppression does not benefit SLE patients with opportunistic infections during PH attack.

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Role of TNFR1 in the innate airway hyperresponsiveness of obese mice

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00588.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 113 (9) ◽

pp. 1476-1485 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ming Zhu ◽

Alison S. Williams ◽

Lucas Chen ◽

Allison P. Wurmbrand ◽

Erin S. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Pulmonary Inflammation ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Forced Oscillation Technique ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Wild Type ◽

Necrosis Factor

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) in the airway hyperresponsiveness characteristic of obese mice. Airway responsiveness to intravenous methacholine was measured using the forced oscillation technique in obese Cpe fat mice that were either sufficient or genetically deficient in TNFR1 ( Cpe fat and Cpe fat/TNFR1−/− mice) and in lean mice that were either sufficient or genetically deficient in TNFR1 [wild-type (WT) and TNFR1−/− mice]. Compared with lean WT mice, Cpe fat mice exhibited airway hyperresponsiveness. Airway hyperresponsives was also greater in Cpe fat/TNFR1−/− than in Cpe fat mice. Compared with WT mice, Cpe fat mice had increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of several inflammatory moieties including eotaxin, IL-9, IP-10, KC, MIG, and VEGF. These factors were also significantly elevated in Cpe fat/TNFR1−/− vs. TNFR1−/− mice. Additional moieties including IL-13 were also elevated in Cpe fat/TNFR1−/− vs. TNFR1−/− mice but not in Cpe fat vs. WT mice. IL-17A mRNA expression was greater in Cpe fat/TNFR1−/− vs. Cpe fat mice and in TNFR1−/− vs. WT mice. Analysis of serum indicated that obesity resulted in systemic as well as pulmonary inflammation, but TNFR1 deficiency had little effect on this systemic inflammation. Our results indicate that TNFR1 is protective against the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with obesity and suggest that effects on pulmonary inflammation may be contributing to this protection.

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2045 The role of TGFβ in driving early cystic fibrosis lung disease

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2018.139 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (S1) ◽

pp. 33-33

Author(s):

Elizabeth L. Kramer ◽

William Hardie ◽

Kristin Hudock ◽

Cynthia Davidson ◽

Alicia Ostmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Genetic Modifier ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Lung Mechanics ◽

Patient Specific

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a genetic modifier of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. TGFβ’s pulmonary levels in young CF patients and its mechanism of action in CF are unknown. We examined TGFβ levels in children with CF and investigated responses of human airway epithelial cells (AECs) and mice to TGFβ. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: TGFβ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from CF patients (n=15) and non-CF control patients (n=21)<6 years old were determined by ELISA. CF mice and non-CF mice were intratracheally treated with an adenoviral TGFβ1 vector or PBS; lungs were collected for analysis at day 7. Human CF and non-CF AECs were treated with TGFβ or PBS for 24 hours then collected for analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Young CF patients had higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid TGFβ than non-CF controls (p=0.03). Mouse lungs exposed to TGFβ demonstrated inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and decreased CFTR expression. CF mice had greater TGFβ-induced lung mechanics abnormalities than controls; both CF human AECs and CF mice showed higher TGFβ induced MAPK and PI3K signaling compared with controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: For the first time, we show increased TGFβ levels very early in CF. TGFβ drives CF lung abnormalities in mouse and human models; CF models are more sensitive to TGFβ’s effects. Understanding the role of TGFβ in promoting CF lung disease is critical to developing patient specific treatments.

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