scholarly journals Recent Desalination Technologies by Hybridization and Integration with Reverse Osmosis: A Review

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1369
Author(s):  
Jhon Jairo Feria-Díaz ◽  
Felipe Correa-Mahecha ◽  
María Cristina López-Méndez ◽  
Juan Pablo Rodríguez-Miranda ◽  
Jesús Barrera-Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Flash Distillation ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Water Supply

Reverse osmosis is the leading technology for desalination of brackish water and seawater, important for solving the growing problems of fresh water supply. Thermal technologies such as multi-effect distillation and multi-stage flash distillation still comprise an important portion of the world’s desalination capacity. They consume substantial amounts of energy, generally obtained from fossil fuels, due to their low efficiency. Hybridization is a strategy that seeks to reduce the weaknesses and enhance the advantages of each element that makes it up. This paper introduces a review of the most recent publications on hybridizations between reverse osmosis and thermal desalination technologies, as well as their integration with renewable energies as a requirement to decarbonize desalination processes. Different configurations provide improvements in key elements of the system to reduce energy consumption, brine production, and contamination, while improving product quality and production rate. A combination of renewable sources and use of energy and water storage systems allow for improving the reliability of hybrid systems.

scholarly journals Modelling and Optimisation of Multi-Stage Flash Distillation and Reverse Osmosis for Desalination of Saline Process Wastewater Sources

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras Jozsef Toth
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Flash Distillation ◽  
Process Wastewater ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Additional Value

Nowadays, there is increasing interest in advanced simulation methods for desalination. The two most common desalination methods are multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO). Numerous research works have been published on these separations, however their simulation appears to be difficult due to their complexity, therefore continuous improvement is required. The RO, in particular, is difficult to model, because the liquids to be separated also depend specifically on the membrane material. The aim of this study is to model steady-state desalination opportunities of saline process wastewater in flowsheet environment. Commercial flowsheet simulator programs were investigated: ChemCAD for thermal desalination and WAVE program for membrane separation. The calculation of the developed MSF model was verified based on industrial data. It can be stated that both simulators are capable of reducing saline content from 4.5 V/V% to 0.05 V/V%. The simulation results are in accordance with the expectations: MSF has higher yield, but reverse osmosis is simpler process with lower energy demand. The main additional value of the research lies in the comparison of desalination modelling in widely commercially available computer programs. Furthermore, complex functions are established between the optimized operating parameters of multi-stage flash distillation allowing to review trends in flash steps for complete desalination plants.

Integrated Wastewater Recovery and Reuse via Waste Heat Utilization

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Chudnovsky ◽  
Aleksandr Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Flash Distillation

A variety of industrial wastewater recovery technologies for different areas and applications has been developed over the years, including primarily thermal and membrane processes. The main thermal processes include atmospheric distillation, distillation with mechanical vapor compression, vacuum distillation, multi-stage flash distillation, multi-effect distillation with thermal vapor compression, etc. [1,2]. The membrane processes contain reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and nanofiltration. The multi-stage flash distillation and reverse osmosis processes dominate in most applications. Wastewater recovery and re-use technologies have been expanding rapidly in recent decades. The market is also driven by the falling costs of wastewater recovery, which are due to the technological advances in the process. The costs of clean water produced by wastewater recovery process dropped considerably over the years as a result of reductions in price of equipment, reductions in power consumption and advances in system design and operating experiences. In this work state-of-the art and innovative wastewater recovery/re-use technologies are estimated and compared in their features and cost respects. The new technology is discussed that allows increasing in energy efficiency of the wastewater recycling and reduce electricity consumption associated with conventional methods. Successful development and implementation of the technology for food processing applications will provide large energy and water savings to the industry. These savings are tied to an energy efficiency increase and reduction in pumping power for process water supply. The ability to integrate waste heat recovery with wastewater reuse also leads to product cost reduction opportunities for producers.

scholarly journals Feasibility Design of an Optimized Desalinator Assisted Only by Solar Energy. Case: Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Biain
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Flash Distillation ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
Auxiliary Heater

Desalinators are traditionally driven by fossil-fuels but in order to avoid greenhouse emissions, renewable energy must be used. In this paper, a coupling between multi-stage flash distillation apparatus and a parabolic trough solar collector is analyzed. The purpose of this study is to determine the economic feasibility of the system, considering four cities of Saudi Arabia and three different potable water productions. To avoid solar energy intermittency and unavailability at night, thermal storage is implemented. Whereas other researchers made parametric analyses, in this paper, the authors developed a mathematical program which was optimized with the help of GAMS software, where the capital cost of the plant was the objective function. After that, a life cycle cost analysis was carried out for each scenario. Depending on the region and water production, the costs of drinking water vary from 2.26 to 3.93 US$/m3, and from 7440 to 23825 tons of carbon dioxide emissions are avoided. As a consequence of the approach used, low costs are obtained; even though no auxiliary heater is implemented and the lowest irradiance conditions are considered. The results of this study reflect that the proposed process is competitive with respect to the traditional one.

scholarly journals ASPEK TEKNOLOGI PENENTUAN DESALINASI YANG DI KOPLING DENGAN REAKTOR DAYA EKSPERIMENTAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Siti Alimah ◽  
Erlan Dewita ◽  
Heni Susiati ◽  
Teguh Aryanto
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Flash Distillation

BATAN berencana membangun dan mengoperasikan Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE). RDE dengan tipe reaktor gas temperatur tinggi (HTGR), merupakan salah satu kandidat desain reaktor yang limbah panasnya cocok untuk aplikasi desalinasi air laut. Kopling desalinasi dengan RDE, membuat teknologi desalinasi lebih menarik, karena selain menghemat cadangan bahan bakar fosil, ramah lingkungan, juga dapat menambah pasokan kebutuhan air bersih. Terdapat berbagai teknologi desalinasi komersial yaitu menggunakan energi thermal dan menggunakan membran dalam proses pemisahannya. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) dan Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) adalah proses desalinasi yang menggunakan energi thermal, sedangkan Reverse Osmosis (RO) adalah proses desalinasi yang menggunakan membran. Temperatur keluaran uap dari pembangkit RDE adalah 520oC dan selanjutnya uap mengalir ke turbin dengan temperatur keluaran 256oC. Uap tersebut dalam bentuk superheated (lewat jenuh) dan yang diperlukan untuk desalinasi adalah uap saturated (jenuh). Tujuan studi adalah menentukan teknologi desalinasi yang sesuai dikopling dengan RDE berdasar aspek teknologi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur terkait permasalahan dan analisis dengan mempertimbangkan aspek keselamatan. Hasil studi diperoleh bahwa teknologi desalinasi MSF lebih sesuai untuk dikopling dengan RDE, dengan skema pengambilan sumber panas sesudah keluar turbin uap

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

scholarly journals Experimental Validation of a Solar Powered Multistage Flash Desalination Unit with Alternate Storage Tanks

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2143
Author(s):  
Mishal Alsehli
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Tank Design ◽  
Solar Powered

The fossil fuels that power conventional desalination systems cause substantial environmental impact. Solar desalination can satisfy critical water needs with only a minimal contribution to global warming. The current work presents an attractive new design suitable for regions with limited water resources and high solar radiation rates. This work is an experimental study of a newly designed, solar-powered, multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plant. The design could address the need to increase the limited water resources in solar energy-rich areas. The prototype consists of a solar collector, an MSF unit, and a novel dual thermal storage tank design. In this prototype, preheated brine is directly heated by circulation through the solar collector. Two tanks serve the MSF unit; one tank feeds the MSF unit while the other receives the preheated feed water. The two tanks alternate roles every 24 h. The study was conducted in Taif, Saudi Arabia, throughout the month of September 2020. The results of the experiment showed that 1.92 square meters of solar collector area is needed for an average daily production of 19.7 kg of fresh water, at a cost of approximately $0.015 per liter.

scholarly journals Emissions Effects of Energy Storage for Frequency Regulation: Comparing Battery and Flywheel Storage to Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
Eric Pareis ◽  
Eric Hittinger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Storage System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Electrical Generation

With an increase in renewable energy generation in the United States, there is a growing need for more frequency regulation to ensure the stability of the electric grid. Fast ramping natural gas plants are often used for frequency regulation, but this creates emissions associated with the burning of fossil fuels. Energy storage systems (ESSs), such as batteries and flywheels, provide an alternative frequency regulation service. However, the efficiency losses of charging and discharging a storage system cause additional electrical generation requirements and associated emissions. There is not a good understanding of these indirect emissions from charging and discharging ESSs in the literature, with most sources stating that ESSs for frequency regulation have lower emissions, without quantification of these emissions. We created a model to estimate three types of emissions (CO2, NOX, and SO2) from ESSs providing frequency regulation, and compare them to emissions from a natural gas plant providing the same service. When the natural gas plant is credited for the generated electricity, storage systems have 33% to 68% lower CO2 emissions than the gas turbine, depending on the US eGRID subregion, but higher NOX and SO2 emissions. However, different plausible assumptions about the framing of the analysis can make ESSs a worse choice so the true difference depends on the nature of the substitution between storage and natural gas generation.

scholarly journals Mass and Heat Transfer at Different Heat Exchange Surfaces and Their Suitability for Use in Thermal Desalination Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schwarzer ◽  
H.J. Bart
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Water Side ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Desalination Plants

A new concept for small scale multi-stage distillation (MSD) desalination plants is presented allowing an installation in remote rural areal due to low maintenance, operating and investment costs. It is based on extensive studies on heat and mass transfer using 6 different condensation / heat transfer surfaces or material combinations. Basically all 6 condensation surfaces except glass are of a sheet metal or an expanded metal (to the evaporation side) in combination to an acid- and heat-resistant foil (on the salt water side). The basic experiments were performed in a "lab scale" unit to determine their thermodynamic and structural characteristics and user-friendliness. After validation in a prototype novel oxidic condensation surfaces (AF) and material combinations are in actual use in the new MSD systems, following the requirements, including a good wetting and condensation behavior and a good heat transfer.

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