scholarly journals An Efficient No-Shutdown Pipe Fixing Freezing Design for Water Management System in Hospitals during COVID-19: A Case Study

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2725
Author(s):  
Fei-Lung Liu ◽  
Shu-Kai S. Fan ◽  
Ebede Ndi ◽  
Jih-Fu Tu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Pipe Surface

Ensuring the uninterrupted flow of the complex piped water distribution networks to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan’s hospitals has become a priority. The process involved in the no-shutdown pipe fixing freezing method depends on the water supply system design and the conditions of the environment. Before carrying out repair works onsite, two experiments were undertaken to estimate the liquid nitrogen supply rate and make sure of its adequacy in relation to the fixing system’s heat transfer performance. Using an iron exhaust pipe and galvanized steel inlet pipe with jacket for a 50-mm-diameter water pipe, temperature variations and timelapse were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that the frost length on the water pipe surface at either side of the jacket was 1.2–1.8 times of the pipe diameter. The ice length (~45 cm) was longer than the jacket (~34 cm), and the water pressure at the jacket inlet side was 1 kg/cm2 greater than at the exit. Injecting the right amount of liquid nitrogen into the inlet and at a proper speed between 0.7 and 0.8 kg/min will ensure a safe and smooth completion of the ice plug formation process. The design and processes have been used successfully in hospital water supply system fixing works.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay for improved safe drinking water in a coastal urban area in Bangladesh

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Nasif Ahsan ◽  
Sheikh Hadiujjaman ◽  
Md. Sariful Islam ◽  
Nishad Nasrin ◽  
Mukta Akter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Discontentment with a piped supply system of drinking water has become a significant concern in Bangladesh's urban areas in recent years, necessitating the improvement of different aspects of the system in question. Therefore, by conducting a discrete choice experiment on 115 households out of a systematically selected 161 households, this study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for an improved safe drinking water supply by considering the trade-offs made by urban dwellers for the proposed improvements to an existing water supply system in the Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area of Bangladesh. The primary results show that the total WTP of households is estimated at BDT 243.6 (≈US$ 2.87) per month, implying that respondents are ready to pay for improvements to the water supply attributes of water quality, regularity of supply, water pressure in taps, and filtering. A revenue stream for an improved water supply system is also being developed, suggesting that investment in improving the system would be a ‘no-regret’ decision and economically sustainable.

scholarly journals The Unfavourable Impact of Street Traffic on Water Distribution Pipelines

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioan Așchilean ◽  
Mihai Iliescu ◽  
Nicolae Ciont ◽  
Ioan Giurca
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Pipe Material

This article analyses the relation between the failures that occurred in the water supply network and the road traffic in the city of Cluj-Napoca in Romania. The calculations in this case study were made using the Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2011 software. In the case study, the following types of pipes were analysed: steel, gray cast iron, ductile cast iron and high density polyethylene (HDPE). While in most studies only a few sections of pipelines, several types of pipelines and certain mounting depths have been analysed, the case study presented analyses the entire water supply system of a city with a population of 324,576 inhabitants, whose water supply system has a length of 479 km. The results of the research are useful in the design phase of water distribution networks, so depending on the type of pipe material, the minimum depth of installation can be indicated, so as to avoid the failure of the pipes due to road traffic. From this perspective, similar studies could also be carried out regarding the negative influence of road traffic on sewerage networks, gas networks and heating networks.

Study on Pressure Control for Water Supply System by Fuzzy PID

2013 ◽  
Vol 753-755 ◽  
pp. 2628-2631
Author(s):  
Jin Hua Wang ◽  
Hong Yan Zhang ◽  
Jing Xia Niu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
System Response ◽  
Fuzzy Pid ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pressure Water

This paper show a parameter self-adaptive fuzzy PID controller which was designed by using fuzzy logical rules, and the rules aiming at characteristics of constant pressure water-supply system such as nonlinear, multi-parameters and long time delay. The controller can online auto tuning PID parameters to select the appropriate control parameters, depending on the working conditions for effective control of the water supply system water pressure regulator. The simulation results show that the control system response quick, over regulation measurement and transitional time is greatly reduced, oscillation time shorten, and the system has strong robustness and good stability.

Based on the Fuzzy Control of Intelligent Constant Pressure Water Supply System Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 263-266 ◽  
pp. 557-562
Author(s):  
Xiang Dong Qi ◽  
Xi Ze Yuan ◽  
Shao Juan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Control ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Frequency Conversion ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Pressure Water

In view of the constant pressure water supply system with multi-parameter、non-linear and large delay characteristics, this paper employs PLC and the technology of frequency conversion control, and introduces fuzzy control technology to perform constant pressure water supply. The controller can automatically adjust the parameters online, i.e., according to the different work conditions, the controller can choose the proper control parameter, so that the water pressure regulation in water supply system will obtain effective control. The simulation results and the practical application show that our fuzzy controller achieves competitive performance: the faster response, reduced overshoot, greatly shortened transient time, the fewer oscillation, strong robustness and good stability, which can improve efficiency and bring cost saving.

scholarly journals Flood Impacts on a Water Distribution Network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Arrighi ◽  
Fabio Tarani ◽  
Enrico Vicario ◽  
Fabio Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Flood Impacts ◽  
Drinking Water Supply System ◽  
Recurrence Intervals ◽  
Failure Scenario

Abstract. Floods cause damage to people, buildings and infrastructures. Due to their usual location near rivers, water utilities are particularly exposed; in case of flood, the inundation of the facility can damage equipment and cause power outages. Such impact leads to costly repairs, disruptions of service, hazardous situations for personnel and public health advisories. In this work, we present an analysis of direct and indirect damages of a drinking water supply system considering the hazard of a riverine flooding as well as the exposure and vulnerability of the system components (i.e. pipes, junctions, lifting stations etc.). The method is based on the combination of a flood model and an EPANET-based piping network model implementing Pressure-Driven Demand, which is more appropriate when modeling water distribution networks with many off-line nodes. The two models are linked by a semi-automated GIS procedure. The evaluation of flood impact on the aqueduct network is carried out for flood scenarios with assigned recurrence intervals. Vulnerable elements exposed to the flood are identified and analyzed in order to determine their residual functionality and simulate failure scenarios. Impact metrics are defined to measure service outage and potential pipe contamination. The method is applied to the water supply system of the city of Florence (Italy), serving approximately 385 000 inhabitants. Results show that for the worst failure scenario 420 km of pipeworks would require flushing and disinfection with an estimated cost of 21 Mio €, which is about 0.5 % of the direct flood losses evaluated for buildings and contents.

scholarly journals Flood impacts on a water distribution network

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2109-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Arrighi ◽  
Fabio Tarani ◽  
Enrico Vicario ◽  
Fabio Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Flood Impacts

Abstract. Floods cause damage to people, buildings and infrastructures. Water distribution systems are particularly exposed, since water treatment plants are often located next to the rivers. Failure of the system leads to both direct losses, for instance damage to equipment and pipework contamination, and indirect impact, since it may lead to service disruption and thus affect populations far from the event through the functional dependencies of the network. In this work, we present an analysis of direct and indirect damages on a drinking water supply system, considering the hazard of riverine flooding as well as the exposure and vulnerability of active system components. The method is based on interweaving, through a semi-automated GIS procedure, a flood model and an EPANET-based pipe network model with a pressure-driven demand approach, which is needed when modelling water distribution networks in highly off-design conditions. Impact measures are defined and estimated so as to quantify service outage and potential pipe contamination. The method is applied to the water supply system of the city of Florence, Italy, serving approximately 380 000 inhabitants. The evaluation of flood impact on the water distribution network is carried out for different events with assigned recurrence intervals. Vulnerable elements exposed to the flood are identified and analysed in order to estimate their residual functionality and to simulate failure scenarios. Results show that in the worst failure scenario (no residual functionality of the lifting station and a 500-year flood), 420 km of pipework would require disinfection with an estimated cost of EUR 21 million, which is about 0.5 % of the direct flood losses evaluated for buildings and contents. Moreover, if flood impacts on the water distribution network are considered, the population affected by the flood is up to 3 times the population directly flooded.

Research on Pressure Control Method of some Wind Tunnel Spraying Water Supply System

2014 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. 420-425
Author(s):  
Yin Li Xu ◽  
Shu Cheng Li ◽  
Nian Liu ◽  
Dan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Control Circuits

By analyzing pressure control process of some wind tunnel spraying water supply system, a simplified method is presented, which can avoid interference between different pressure control circuits. Regulating valve is the key control equipment, and its regulating formula is given after detailed calculations and analysis. The simulation of pressure control for spraying water supply system is researched based on AMESim, which provides the theoretical support for experiment. In the end,experimental results show that the control method is effective, and water pressure precision can meet the technical requirements.

scholarly journals ISSUES OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE WESTERN PART OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
V. G. Kobechinskaya ◽  
◽  
O. B. Yarosh ◽  
A. V. Ivashov ◽  
V. L. Apostolov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Gis Technologies

Introduction. Until 2014, water supply in Sevastopol city and its municipal districts was combined due to its own surface and underground waters as well as a water conduit running from the Mezhgornoye reservoir located in the Saksky district and filled with the Dnieper waters of the North Crimean Canal. After 2014, this source was shut off. Therefore, it became important to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of drinking water supplied to the settlements of this territorial entity. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to assess the quality of drinking water and perform its analysis in Sevastopol city and nearby settlements, taking into account the increase in water intake from rivers and underground sources in recent years. Methods. Objects of the study are surface and underground water supply points, and drinking water for consumers. We used standard methods for the analysis of drinking water with an assessment of its physical, chemical and sanitary-bacteriological indicators using analysis of variance (AoV) methods. Water quality was assessed by the specific combinatorial index of water pollution. Using GIS technologies, maps were built to visualize a number of indicators: chemical oxygen consumption and data on the water pollution complexity coefficient at the stage when consumers receive water from the central water supply system (for all municipal districts). Results. It was established that sanitary and microbiological indicators of tap water quality — by the total microbial count, total coliform bacteria and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria — immediately before being fed to the central water supply system in the Southern and Northern districts of Sevastopol, did not exceed sanitary standards. Due to the considerable length of the distribution networks and their high deterioration, secondary pollution of drinking water is currently taking place. In a number of municipal districts, it was revealed that the key indicators being assessed exceeded the norms of the State Sanitary Rules and Regulations. For the first time, with the help of GIS technologies in the ArcGis 10.4 software shell, specific ranks of drinking water pollution levels were distinguished for individual municipal districts, which made it possible to visualize the dynamic characteristics of polluting ingredients taking into account their territorial affiliation.

scholarly journals Analysis And Assessment Of The Security Method Against Incidental Contamination In The Collective Water Supply System

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Szpak ◽  
Barbara Tchórzewska – Cieślak
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Pipe Network ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Fmea Method

Abstract The paper presents the main types of surface water incidental contaminations and the security method against incidental contamination in water sources. Analysis and assessment the collective water supply system (CWSS) protection against incidental contamination was conducted. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was used. The FMEA method allow to use the product or process analysis, identification of weak points, and implementation the corrections and new solutions for eliminating the source of undesirable events. The developed methodology was shown in application case. It was found that the risk of water contamination in water-pipe network of the analyzed CWSS caused by water source incidental contamination is at controlled level.

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