Antibacterial therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-20
Author(s):  
A.G. Zamalutdinova ◽  
L.Yu. Kulagina ◽  
\A.Z. Nigmedzyanova ◽  
E.V. Kanner ◽  
M.L. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medicinal Products

The use of drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding remains one of the least studied, but important issues in pharmacology today. When choosing medicinal products during pregnancy, one of the crucial principles is to ensure the safety of the embryo and fetus. Among the generally accepted rules aimed at eliminating fetal risk, a decrease in the dosage of the drug to the lower limit of the therapeutic range is usually named. However, one should take into account the changes that occur in the body of a pregnant woman: the body weight and the volume of circulating blood rise, the excretion of drugs is accelerated (the clearance increases), which, on the contrary, requires an increase in the dosages of individual drugs to maintain therapeutic efficacy. Antibacterial drugs (ABD) are the most difficult group of drugs to use, since they require taking into account not only the mechanism of action of drugs, but also the basics of clinical microbiology. ABD occupy a special place in clinical practice, as they are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs.

scholarly journals Therapeutic efficacy of isometamidium chloride in the treatment of Trypanosoma congolense infection in Sokoto Red bucks

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Group I ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Group Ii

Introduction: Treatment of animal trypanosomiasis using isometamidium chloride (ISM) is largely done with 1% solution however, 2% solution has been found to be more effective. In this study, therapeutic efficacy of ISM drug concentrations was studied in Trypanosoma congolense infected Sokoto Red Bucks (SRB). The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the curative (1%) and prophylactic (2%) concentrations of ISM in the treatment of experimentally infected SRB with Trypanosoma congolense. Methods: Twelve SRB were divided into three groups of four animals each: Group I (1% ISM treated), Group II (2% ISM treated) at the dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly and Group III (uninfected and untreated-Control). Groups I and II bucks were each inoculated intravenously with approximately 1x106 T. congolense. Clinical signs, rectal temperature, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell count (TWBCC) were monitored. Wet-mount and micro haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) were used to monitor the parasitaemia post-infection and post-treatment. Seven days post-treatment the blood from the treated groups were sub-inoculated into mice. Results: Group I had relapse of the infection two weeks post-treatment while no relapse of the infection was observed in the Group II till five weeks post-treatment. Significant (p < 0.05) changes in the PCV, WBCC and body weight were properly recorded as well as the clinical signs and the body weight. Significance: The 2% ISM confers better and longer cure than the 1% ISM in treating trypanosomosis in goat.

scholarly journals Therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against naturally occuring gastrointestinal nematodiasis infection in Black Bengal Goat of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Aktaruzzaman ◽  
Md. Mirazul Islam ◽  
Zahurin Mohamed ◽  
Md. Siddiqul Islam ◽  
Md. Matiar Rahman Howlader
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group D

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200 µgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs, Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs, Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the fecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7<sup>th</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, 21<sup>st</sup> and 28<sup>th</sup> day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight was recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through determination of parasitic prevalence, body weight gain/loss and hematological findings. Pre and post-treatment EPG (eggs per gram) values were recorded, and efficacies compared. The results showed that the efficacy of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. The observed differences in efficacy between these three brands of anthelmintics were most likely due to variations either in quality or the administered doses. The body weight of the treated animals was slightly increased, which were significant (p&lt;0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p&lt;0.01 and p&gt;0.05) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05 and p&gt;0.01) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p&lt;0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in goat. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species and livestock management systems in Bangladesh.</p>

3. Protein nutrition

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.

scholarly journals Clinical relevance of discoveries in psychopharmacogenetics1

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia M. Tsapakis ◽  
Amlan Basu ◽  
Katherine J. Aitchison
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Clinical Psychiatry ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Methodological Problems

Individual genetic variation accounts for some of the variability in response to drugs used routinely in clinical psychiatry. Psychopharmacogenetics focuses on how polymorphisms in genes affecting the mechanism of action of a drug's effect and/or metabolism (both peripheral and central) can influence an individual's clinical response to the drug, in terms of both therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects. Pharmacogenetics promises to be of substantial help in the field of psychiatric pharmacotherapy, but before research findings can be applied to clinical practice, ethical and methodological problems have to be addressed and overcome. This review summarises the most robust findings in the field and outlines how psychopharmacogenetic studies could lead to treatment individualisation.

scholarly journals THE SCIENTIFIC-METHODICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF NORMS OF BODY WEIGHT AND THE STANDARDS FOR PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S POPULATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
N.A. Skoblina ◽  
O.Yu. Milushkina ◽  
Zh.V. Gudinova ◽  
N.A. Bokareva ◽  
M.Yu. Gavryushin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Child Population ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Medical Examinations

Obesity is one of the most serious problems of the modern world, especially it is relevant for children. We studied the expediency of using М+2σR criteria as the upper limit of the body mass norm when developing norms for the physical development of the child population. We came to the conclusion that we should use М-1,0σR criteria as the lower limit and М+1,5σR as the upper limit during medical examinations of children.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in morbidly obese patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Morbid Obese

Introduction: Prevalence of obesity is 30 % in the Czech Republic and is expected to increase further in the future. This disease complicates surgical procedures but also the postoperative period. The aim of our paper is to present the surgical technique called hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (HALS), used in surgical management of kidney cancer in morbid obese patients with BMI >40 kg/m2. Methods: The basic cohort of seven patients with BMI >40 undergoing HALS nephrectomy was retrospectively evaluated. Demographic data were analyzed (age, gender, body weight, height, BMI and comorbidities). The perioperative course (surgery time, blood loss, ICU time, hospital stay and early complications), tumor characteristics (histology, TNM classification, tumor size, removed kidney size) and postoperative follow-up were evaluated. Results: The patient age was 38−67 years; the cohort included 2 females and 5 males, the body weight was 117−155 kg and the BMI was 40.3−501 kg/m2. Surgery time was 73−98 minutes, blood loss was 20−450 ml, and hospital stay was 5−7 days; incisional hernia occurred in one patient. Kidney cancer was confirmed in all cases, 48–110 mm in diameter, and the largest removed specimen size was 210×140×130 mm. One patient died just 9 months after the surgery because of metastatic disease; the tumor-free period in the other patients currently varies between 1 and 5 years. Conclusion: HALS nephrectomy seems to be a suitable and safe surgical technique in complicated patients like these morbid obese patients. HALS nephrectomy provides acceptable surgical and oncological results.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINES OF POULTRY DURING FODDER INTOXICATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.P. Dolgov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Abramov ◽  
E.V. Kuzminova ◽  
E.V. Rogaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Beet Pulp

The article presents the data on the study of the influence of mycotoxins combination (T-2 toxin at the concentration of 0.095 mg/kg and aflatoxin B1 in the concentration of 0.019 mg/kg) on the body of quails and the results of pharmacocorrection of toxicosis with a complex consisting of beet pulp and lecithin. Structural changes in the intestines of quais at fodder mycotoxicosis are described. The use of antitoxic feed additives in poultry led to a weakening of the action of xenobiotics, which was confirmed by an increase in the safety of poultry and increase in body weight of quails, a decrease in the clinical manifestations of intoxication, as well as in positive changes in the structure of the intestine of the poultry during histological examination.

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