Applicability and sanitary regulation of nanomedicine in major Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders

Neurotrophins (NTs) are one of the most characterized neurotrophic factor family members and consist of four members in mammals. Growing evidence suggests that there is a complex inter- and bi-directional relationship between central nervous system (CNS) disorders and cardiac dysfunction, so-called “brain–heart axis”. Recent studies suggest that CNS disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and depression, affect cardiovascular function via various mechanisms, such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis augmentation. Although this brain–heart axis has been well studied in humans and mice, the involvement of NT signaling in the axis has not been fully investigated. In the first half of this review, we emphasize the importance of NTs not only in the nervous system, but also in the cardiovascular system from the embryonic stage to the adult state. In the second half, we discuss the involvement of NTs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, and then examine whether an alteration in NTs could serve as the mediator between neurological disorders and heart dysfunction. The further investigation we propose herein could contribute to finding direct evidence for the involvement of NTs in the axis and new treatment for cardiovascular diseases.

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Role of Adiponectin in Central Nervous System Disorders

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2018/4593530 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Jenna Bloemer ◽

Priyanka D. Pinky ◽

Manoj Govindarajulu ◽

Hao Hong ◽

Robert Judd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Peripheral Circulation ◽

Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

The Brain

Adiponectin, the most abundant plasma adipokine, plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin also possesses insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasodilatory properties which may influence central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although initially not thought to cross the blood-brain barrier, adiponectin enters the brain through peripheral circulation. In the brain, adiponectin signaling through its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, directly influences important brain functions such as energy homeostasis, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Overall, based on its central and peripheral actions, recent evidence indicates that adiponectin has neuroprotective, antiatherogenic, and antidepressant effects. However, these findings are not without controversy as human observational studies report differing correlations between plasma adiponectin levels and incidence of CNS disorders. Despite these controversies, adiponectin is gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target for diverse CNS disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and depression. Evidence regarding the emerging role for adiponectin in these disorders is discussed in the current review.

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Stem cell sources and therapeutic approaches for central nervous system and neural retinal disorders

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e10 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. E11 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Diana Yu ◽

Gabriel A. Silva

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

The Body ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Cell Based Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Benefits ◽

Made In

✓ In the past decades, stem cell biology has made a profound impact on our views of mammalian development as well as opened new avenues in regenerative medicine. The potential of stem cells to differentiate into various cell types of the body is the principal reason they are being explored in treatments for diseases in which there may be dysfunctional cells and/or loss of healthy cells due to disease. In addition, other properties are unique to stem cells; their endogenous trophic support, ability to home to sites of pathological entities, and stability in culture, which allows genetic manipulation, are also being utilized to formulate stem cell–based therapy for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, the authors will review key characteristics of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells, consider therapeutic strategies employed in stem cell therapy, and discuss the recent advances made in stem cell–based therapy for a number of progressive neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS as well as neuronal degeneration secondary to other abnormalities and injuries. Although a great deal of progress has been made in our knowledge of stem cells and their utility in treating CNS disorders, much still needs to be elucidated regarding the biology of the stem cells and the pathogenesis of targeted CNS diseases to maximize therapeutic benefits. Nonetheless, stem cells present tremendous promise in the treatment of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Central nervous system (CNS) disease triggering Takotsubo syndrome

International Cardiovascular Forum Journal ◽

10.17987/icfj.v5i0.183 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Josef Finsterer ◽

Claudia Stöllberger

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Takotsubo Syndrome ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Adequate Treatment ◽

General Outcome ◽

Cord Injury ◽

The Many ◽

Reversible Encephalopathy ◽

Lateral Sclerosis

<p>Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is usually triggered by psychological or physical stress. One of the many physical sources of stress are central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CNS disorders most frequently triggering TTS include subarachnoid bleeding, epilepsy, ischemic stroke, migraine, and intracerebral bleeding. More rare CNS-triggers of TTS include posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, encephalitis, or traumatic brain or spinal cord injury. TTS triggered by any of the CNS disorders needs to be recognized since adequate treatment of TTS may improve the general outcome from the CNS disorder as well. Neurologists need to be aware of TTS as a complication of specific CNS disorders but TTS may be triggered also by CNS disorders so far not recognised as causes of TTS.</p>

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Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications

Molecular Imaging ◽

10.1177/1536012120927609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 153601212092760

Author(s):

Hamideh Zarrinmayeh ◽

Paul R. Territo

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Purinergic Receptors ◽

P2y Receptors ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Extracellular Adenosine ◽

Functional Roles ◽

Positron Emission ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.

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Radiosynthesis and Evaluation of A Fluorine-18 Radiotracer [18F]FS1P1 for Imaging Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d1ob02225c ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Lin Qiu ◽

Hao Jiang ◽

Yanbo Yu ◽

Jiwei Gu ◽

Jinzhi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Pet Imaging ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Sphingosine 1 Phosphate

Assessment of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression could be a unique tool to determine the neuroinflammatory status for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Our preclinical results indicate that PET imaging...

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The Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Axis and its Potential as a Therapeutic Target in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/187152409788452108 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 95-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Olivia Bibollet-Bahena ◽

Qiao-Ling Cui ◽

Guillermina Almazan

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Therapeutic Target ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Cns Disorders

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Acute and Chronic Therapies in Pediatric Inflammatory Central Nervous System Diseases

Journal of Pediatric Neurology ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1604478 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (03) ◽

pp. 202-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Colin Wilbur ◽

E. Yeh

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Nervous System Diseases ◽

Complex Treatment ◽

Central Nervous System Diseases ◽

Cns Disorders ◽

Initial Management ◽

Immune Therapies

AbstractRecognition of pediatric neuroinflammatory disorders has increased in recent years, together with an increased knowledge of the immune mechanisms underlying these disorders. These insights have led to paying greater attention to the classification of these disorders, and importantly, increasing information on therapeutic interventions that may improve outcomes. Furthermore, this has occurred in the wake of the development of multiple targeted immune therapies, thus creating a complex treatment landscape. This review aims to summarize the available literature regarding acute and chronic therapies for pediatric inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A standardized approach to the initial management of these diseases is presented.

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