scholarly journals Role of Adiponectin in Central Nervous System Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Bloemer ◽  
Priyanka D. Pinky ◽  
Manoj Govindarajulu ◽  
Hao Hong ◽  
Robert Judd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
The Brain

Adiponectin, the most abundant plasma adipokine, plays an important role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin also possesses insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and vasodilatory properties which may influence central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although initially not thought to cross the blood-brain barrier, adiponectin enters the brain through peripheral circulation. In the brain, adiponectin signaling through its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, directly influences important brain functions such as energy homeostasis, hippocampal neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Overall, based on its central and peripheral actions, recent evidence indicates that adiponectin has neuroprotective, antiatherogenic, and antidepressant effects. However, these findings are not without controversy as human observational studies report differing correlations between plasma adiponectin levels and incidence of CNS disorders. Despite these controversies, adiponectin is gaining attention as a potential therapeutic target for diverse CNS disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, and depression. Evidence regarding the emerging role for adiponectin in these disorders is discussed in the current review.

scholarly journals Cholesterol: Its Regulation and Role in Central Nervous System Disorders

Cholesterol ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Orth ◽  
Stefano Bellosta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Lipoprotein Receptors ◽  
Brain Cholesterol ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Cholesterol is a major constituent of the human brain, and the brain is the most cholesterol-rich organ. Numerous lipoprotein receptors and apolipoproteins are expressed in the brain. Cholesterol is tightly regulated between the major brain cells and is essential for normal brain development. The metabolism of brain cholesterol differs markedly from that of other tissues. Brain cholesterol is primarily derived by de novo synthesis and the blood brain barrier prevents the uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol from the circulation. Defects in cholesterol metabolism lead to structural and functional central nervous system diseases such as Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. These diseases affect different metabolic pathways (cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid transport and lipoprotein assembly, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein receptors, and signaling molecules). We review the metabolic pathways of cholesterol in the CNS and its cell-specific and microdomain-specific interaction with other pathways such as the amyloid precursor protein and discuss potential treatment strategies as well as the effects of the widespread use of LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs on brain functions.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: an important target associated with antidepressant effects of exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Sun ◽  
Qingshan Sun ◽  
Jinshun Qi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Exercise Activity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDepression is a prevalent devastating mental disorder that affects the normal life of patients and brings a heavy burden to whole society. Although many efforts have been made to attenuate depressive/anxiety symptoms, the current clinic antidepressants have limited effects. Scientists have long been making attempts to find some new strategies that can be applied as the alternative antidepressant therapy. Exercise, a widely recognized healthy lifestyle, has been suggested as a therapy that can relieve psychiatric stress. However, how exercise improves the brain functions and reaches the antidepressant target needs systematic summarization due to the complexity and heterogeneous feature of depression. Brain plasticity, especially adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, is an important neurophysiology to facilitate animals for neurogenesis can occur in not only humans. Many studies indicated that an appropriate level of exercise can promote neurogenesis in the adult brains. In this article, we provide information about the antidepressant effects of exercise and its implications in adult neurogenesis. From the neurogenesis perspective, we summarize evidence about the effects of exercise in enhancing neurogenesis in the hippocampus through regulating growth factors, neurotrophins, neurotransmitters and metabolism as well as inflammations. Taken together, a large number of published works indicate the multiple benefits of exercise in the brain functions of animals, particularly brain plasticity like neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Therefore, a new treatment method for depression therapy can be developed by regulating the exercise activity.

scholarly journals Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 153601212092760
Author(s):  
Hamideh Zarrinmayeh ◽  
Paul R. Territo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Purinergic Receptors ◽  
P2y Receptors ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.

New dimensions of connectomics and network plasticity in the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Guidolin ◽  
Manuela Marcoli ◽  
Guido Maura ◽  
Luigi F. Agnati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Connectome ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCellular network architecture plays a crucial role as the structural substrate for the brain functions. Therefore, it represents the main rationale for the emerging field of connectomics, defined as the comprehensive study of all aspects of central nervous system connectivity. Accordingly, in the present paper the main emphasis will be on the communication processes in the brain, namely wiring transmission (WT), i.e. the mapping of the communication channels made by cell components such as axons and synapses, and volume transmission (VT), i.e. the chemical signal diffusion along the interstitial brain fluid pathways. Considering both processes can further expand the connectomics concept, since both WT-connectomics and VT-connectomics contribute to the structure of the brain connectome. A consensus exists that such a structure follows a hierarchical or nested architecture, and macro-, meso- and microscales have been defined. In this respect, however, several lines of evidence indicate that a nanoscale (nano-connectomics) should also be considered to capture direct protein-protein allosteric interactions such as those occurring, for example, in receptor-receptor interactions at the plasma membrane level. In addition, emerging evidence points to novel mechanisms likely playing a significant role in the modulation of intercellular connectivity, increasing the plasticity of the system and adding complexity to its structure. In particular, the roamer type of VT (i.e. the intercellular transfer of RNA, proteins and receptors by extracellular vesicles) will be discussed since it allowed us to introduce a new concept of ‘transient changes of cell phenotype’, that is the transient acquisition of new signal release capabilities and/or new recognition/decoding apparatuses.

scholarly journals Glial Cells Promote Myelin Formation and Elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria N. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Local Signaling ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

Building a functional nervous system requires the coordinated actions of many glial cells. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocytes myelinate neuronal axons to increase conduction velocity and provide trophic support. Myelination can be modified by local signaling at the axon-myelin interface, potentially adapting sheaths to support the metabolic needs and physiology of individual neurons. However, neurons and oligodendrocytes are not wholly responsible for crafting the myelination patterns seen in vivo. Other cell types of the CNS, including microglia and astrocytes, modify myelination. In this review, I cover the contributions of non-neuronal, non-oligodendroglial cells to the formation, maintenance, and pruning of myelin sheaths. I address ways that these cell types interact with the oligodendrocyte lineage throughout development to modify myelination. Additionally, I discuss mechanisms by which these cells may indirectly tune myelination by regulating neuronal activity. Understanding how glial-glial interactions regulate myelination is essential for understanding how the brain functions as a whole and for developing strategies to repair myelin in disease.

Current Overview of Inorganic Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-110
Author(s):  
Francesca Persano ◽  
Stefano Leporatti
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Shell Nanoparticles ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Cns Diseases ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
The Brain

: Although the integrity of the Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) is often compromised in several Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, the release of therapeutic or diagnostic agents in the brain remains challenging. Indeed, most of the currently established diagnostic and therapeutic protocols result ineffective in treating and detecting CNS diseases. In this context, it is essential to develop novel strategies that allow a targeted release of the therapeutic agents to the brain, overcoming the BBB. The technological advances of the last decade have led to the development of new techniques for nanoscale treatment and diagnosis of brain diseases. : Several nano-formulations have been recently proposed and successfully tested in preclinical models for their capacity to cross the BBB, in particular when chemically modified with the intent to exploit specific transport processes that normally occur at the interface between blood and endothelium of the cerebral vasculature. : In this review, the tunable physico-chemical characteristics of inorganic nanoparticles will be reviewed, and how this aspect can offer the possibility to improve current therapeutic strategies. The local and systemic toxicity of these nanomaterials will be also analyzed. Furthermore, we will provide an update on recent key advancements in the design and synthesis of novel inorganic core-lipid shell nanoparticles for the treatment of CNS disorders, and how these vectors may overcome challenges faced by current inorganic nanomaterials.

The brain: our control system

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Ian Peate
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Control System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Organ ◽  
Healthcare Assistant ◽  
Assistant Practitioner

The largest and the most complex organ in the body is the brain. In this article, the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) are introduced to the fundamental features that are associated with the anatomy of the brain. The body's central nervous system is made up of the brain, along with the spinal cord. This is the main control system for the body's functions and abilities, allowing conscious communication with the body and automatic operation of the vital organs, for example, the heart. In this article, specific functions of the brain are considered. The four lobes of the brain are reviewed and also the three coverings of the meninges. Having insight and understanding related to how the brain functions can help the HCA and AP offer people care that is founded on a sound knowledge base. A glossary of terms is provided and a short quiz has also been included.

scholarly journals A Review on Some Medicinal Plants of North- East India Region Used in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
VENESSA NATH ◽  
PARISHMITA BURAGOHAIN ◽  
HEMANTA KUMAR SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Northeast India ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are a group of neurological disorders concerned with behaviour, coordination and functioning of the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is the site of processing various informations. It interprets and evaluates the information and as result, the CNS responds accordingly and controls the body. Any defects or disorders of the Central nervous system may cause degeneration of the organs and tissues associated with it, loss of coordination, paralysis, etc. These disorders may be hereditary or due to injuries to the brain and spinal cord. Although, these disorders are being cured with medicaments, many plant species are also seen to be effective in its treatment. Objective: the main objective of this article is to underline the potentials and the needs for the documentation of the ecological knowledge of herbal medicines of the north east India region, necessary for the greater well-being of mankind in the prevention and cure of CNS disorders. Methods: an extensive literature survey was carried out through various databases like Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciencedirect etc to support this review. All the collected information was analyzed accordingly and the plants were enlisted based on the classes of CNS disorders for which they are used. Result and discussion: from the survey of the database being collected, it was found that many traditional and local plants of the northeast India region are therapeutically effective in the treatment and cure of many Central nervous system disorders. Conclusion:-It is now an accepted fact that many traditional plants found in the Northeast India have been acceptable within the human body and hence these can be used to replace many expensive medications available in the market. Keywords:  Medicinal plants; Central Nervous System; CNS disorders; Northeast India; Plant extract

scholarly journals The Roles of Lpar1 in Central Nervous System Disorders and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongqiong Xiao ◽  
Xiaojuan Su ◽  
Hu Gao ◽  
Xihong Li ◽  
Yi Qu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Almost All ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Differentiation Gene ◽  
The Brain

Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (Lpar1), which is found in almost all human tissues but is most abundant in the brain, can couple to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and participate in regulating cell proliferation, migration, survival, and apoptosis. Endothelial differentiation gene-2 receptor (Edg2), the protein encoded by the Lpar1 gene, is present on various cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), such as neural stem cells (NSCs), oligodendrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Lpar1 deletion causes neurodevelopmental disorders and CNS diseases, such as brain cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, demyelination diseases, and neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the possible roles and mechanisms of Lpar1/Edg2 in CNS disorders and diseases and propose that Lpar1/Edg2 might be a potential therapeutic target for CNS disorders and diseases.

The gut-brain axis: microglia in the spotlight

Neuroforum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mezö ◽  
Omar Mossad ◽  
Daniel Erny ◽  
Thomas Blank
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Summary Microbiome research has grown significantly in the last decade, highlighting manifold implications of the microbiota to the host’s health. The gut microbiota is connected to the brain through several avenues that allow their interaction. Thus, recent studies have attemtpted to characterize these connections and enhance our understanding of the so called ‘gut-brain-axis’. Microglia, the central nervous system resident macrophages, are crucial for the proper development and maintenance of brain functions. As immune cells, they are in the spotlight for relaying signals between the microbiota and cells of the brain. In this review, we contemplate on interactions between the gut microbiota and microglia, and their influence on brain functions in health and disease.

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