scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION PART OF SPEECH OF ENGLISH WORD BEFORE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Tiara Arista
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
American English ◽  
English Word ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Word Category ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
The Subject

The study analyzes the fact that before lead to different categories based on their distribution in English sentence; the study focuses on examining the occurrence of before as a particular word category in sentence. Thus, this study aims to discuss the categories of before and to identify what constituent that determines the categories of before and According to those aim, this study takes a title, ‘Identification Part of Speech of English Words Before.’ For this study, the data were collected from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) as the main source of research data. The data were identified by observing the sentence that contained word before, and then were classified into their specific categories. Lastly, the data were analyzed using Radford’s theory (2004). The results of the study show that there are three categories of words before; those are, prepositions, adverbial, and conjunctions. After analyzing comprehensively, the results are: (1) the word before as adverb is following the other adverb or verb (2) the word before as the conjunction are followed by clause that is constituted by subject and verb, (3) the word before as the preposition is followed by the noun phrase. However in this article the word before as conjunction can be preposition when the subject and the verb of the clause are reduced.

scholarly journals Phonological Description of Teochew Dialect in Pontianak West Kalimantan

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Lily Thamrin
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Phonological System ◽  
The Way

The research aimed to describe the phonological system of the Pontianak Teochew dialect spoken by the Chinese community in West Kalimantan, including vocals, consonants, and tones, using descriptive method. The phonological escription in question included both phonetic and phonemic descriptions with the subject of language that objectively and accurately describes the current aspects of Teochew’s phonology. The phonetic system of the Pontianak Teochew language would be articulately identified based on the way sounds are formed by human speech tools, namely through consonants, vocals and diphthong. The research data were obtained from three Pontianak Teochew informants who used the Teochew dialect as their daily conversation language. The informants were around 70-75 years old. Based on the research results, there are 18 consonant phonemes, 88 vocal phonemes, and eight tones. The research results show that the Pontianak Teochew dialect has its own characteristics that distinguish it from the other regional Teochew dialects.

scholarly journals URUTAN DAN BENTUK KONSTITUEN KLAUSA BAHASA PRANCIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA

Diksi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marliza Arsiyana ◽  
Pratomo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Victor Hugo ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Object A ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persamaan dan perbedaan urutan dan bentuk konstituen klausa dengan memokuskan pada klausa transitif BP dan BI berikut frase nominalnya sebagai argumen dalam klausa. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa teks tulis, yakni novel Le Dernier Jour d’Un Condamné karangan Victor Hugo dan terjemahannya oleh Lady Lesmana dengan judul “Hari Terakhir Seorang Terpidana Mati”. Metode analisis data menggunakan metode agih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan urutan dasar klausa BP dan BI bertipe sama, yaitu verba mendahului objek. Perbedaannya pada sifat argumen objek. Pada BP objek berpreposisi termasuk dalam konstituen inti sedangkan dalam BI termasuk konstituen periferal. Pada BP, konstituen  Nod dan Np yang berupa pronominal berada di depan  verba, sedangkan dalam BI konstituen Nod dan Noi selalu di belakang verba. Pada tataran frase nominal, perbedaan terletak pada urutan modifikator demonstratif, dan pronomina persona. Pada BP sebelum nomina inti, sedangkan pada BI setelah nomina inti. Modifikator ekasilaba dan dwisilaba dalam BP terletak di depan nomina inti, sedangkan adjektiva yang lebih dari dua silaba, dan adjektiva yang berkaitan dengan warna, agama, dan verba partisif terletak di belakang nomina inti. Sementara itu, adjektiva dalam BI terletak setelah nomina inti.Kata Kunci: urutan dan bentuk konstituen, klausa, frase nomina, sintaks WORDS ORDERS IN FRENCH AND BAHASA INDONESIA CLAUSESABSTRACTThis research aims at analyzing the similarities and differences of the words orders and their forms in the transitive clauses and its argument, noun phrases, between French and Bahasa Indonesia. The research data resources are taken from written texts i.e.: The novel Le dernier jour d’un comdamné à mort by Victor Hugo and its translation Hari Terakhir Seorang Terpidana Mati by Lady Lesmana. This research uses “segmenting immediate constituent technique” to analyse the data. The result shows that French and Bahasa Indonesia have the same basic words orders in transitive clauses, i.e. verbs precede the object. The differences are found in the characteristic of the object. A prepositional object in French is categorized as the main argument, while in Bahasa Indonesia it is a peripheral argument. The position of Nod and Np constituent, which are pronominal, in French precedes the verb, whereas, in Bahasa Indonesia, they are always placed after the verb. Regarding the noun phrase, the differences are found at the position of demonstrative and possessive modifiers. Their position in French is placed before the main noun, while in Bahasa Indonesia after the main noun. The adjectives with one or two syllables are placed before the main noun and the adjectives with more than two syllables or the adjective related to color, religion, and participles are placed after the main noun. On the other hand, adjective in Bahasa Indonesia is always placed after the main noun.Keywords: words orders and form, clause, noun phrase, syntax

Split noun phrase topicalization in Eshkevarat Gilaki

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-646
Author(s):  
Arsalan Kahnemuyipour ◽  
Mansour Shabani
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Clause ◽  
Syntactic Movement ◽  
Base Position ◽  
Possessive Constructions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractSplit noun phrase topicalizationhas been the subject of intense studies across languages in the syntactic literature of the last few decades. One of the key questions raised for these constructions is whether they involve syntactic movement or base-generation. This paper explores this phenomenon in two understudied Iranian languages, Gilaki (Northwestern Iranian, Caspien) and Persian. In particular, we explore splits in two contexts, possessive constructions and numeral constructions. We develop diagnostics for distinguishing the two derivational possibilities, movement or base-generation, for the cases under investigation. We show that while Gilaki uses both derivational possibilities, movement in possessor split and base-generation in numeral split, Persian only allows for the latter with very similar behavior. We argue that possessor split occurs when the whole possessum DP/DemP moves out of its base position in a small clause. Numeral split occurs when the NP is replaced by a null nominal element, which is associated with an overt or pragmatic antecedent. We end the paper with a discussion of why an operation, movement or base-generation, is available for one construction but not the other.

scholarly journals Subject’s Roles in the Non-Cooperative Type of Communicative Situation “Talk of Friends”

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Verbal Activity ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Subject

Communicative situation “Talk of Friends” is the only one to represent discourse of friendship. This presupposes that discourse subject’s role is that of FRIEND in its different varieties. However, talk of friends is not always of cooperative nature. In case of non-cooperative character it embraces two subtypes, namely: potentially conflicting and conflicting. In the first case the dialogue participants face a threat to their friendship, in the second case their talk puts an end to it. This article aims at establishing the role infrastructure for both subtypes of the uncooperative type of the communicative situation “Talk of Friends”. Approaching discourse subject as that of mental, communicative and verbal activity results in analyzing each role in the cognitive and communicative aspects and as for the means of its verbal manifestations. The research data analysis gives grounds to argue that the subject roles, proper to the potentially conflicting situation subtype, are friend critic and indifferent friend. The role friend critic is implemented with the communicative aim to reveal the drawbacks of a friend, so that he/she could get rid of them, it is realized by negative evaluative utterances and often combines with the role friend adviser in a dialogue. The role indifferent friend aims at distancing from the other through denying him/her of help, sympathy etc. Non-specific utterances of refusal and disagreement serve to realize this role. In the conflicting non-cooperative situation “Talk of Friends” the role NOT A FRIEND is the only one of the discourse subject, who explicitly/implicitly informs the other about the end of their friendship because of the negative evaluation of the other or himself/herself. Each of the roles is implemented on the basis of the corresponding scenario.

scholarly journals Object and subject Heavy-NP shift in Arabic

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Criterion Variable ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

In order to examine whether Arabic has Heavy Noun Phrase Shifting (HNPS), I have extracted from the Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank a data set in which a verb governs either an object NP and an Adjunct Phrase (PP or AdvP) or a subject NP and an Adjunct Phrase. I have used binary logistic regression where the criterion variable is whether the subject/object NP shifts, and used as predictor variables heaviness (the number of tokens per NP, adjunct), part of speech tag, verb disposition (ie. whether the verb has a history of taking double objects or sentential objects), NP number, NP definiteness, and the presence of referring pronouns in either the NP or the adjunct. The results show that only object heaviness and adjunct heaviness are useful predictors of object HNPS, while subject heaviness, adjunct heaviness, subject part of speech tag, definiteness, and adjunct head POS tags are active predictors of subject HNPS. I also show that HNPS can in principle be predicted from sentence structure.

scholarly journals Manfaat Perilaku Spiritual Sufi Pada Kesehatan Mental dan Well Being Seseorang

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 001
Author(s):  
Saliyo Saliyo
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Research Show

The purpose of this article is to know the connection of Sufi spiritual behavior with mental health in the form of well-being performed by the spiritual Sufi path. This article explores Sufi spiritual behavior with regard to mental health in the form of well-being that comes from literature.The method used in this research is qualitative research in the literature review. How to collect research data by researchers by writing, classifying and monitoring subjects of research studies carried out by researchers. Moreover, researchers conducting a survey of data collected related to the subject matter of the research is a spiritual relationship to mental health.The results of the literary research show that mystical spiritual behavior towards mental health, especially in the field of well-being, remains controversial. Sufi spiritual behavior has a positive effect. On the other hand, there are also results that mystic behavior has a negative effect. This incident occurred because of misunderstanding or perception of Sufi teachings, or lack of good guidance for the person in taking the Sufi path.

scholarly journals Just because: In search of objective criteria of subjectivity expressed by causal connectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Levshina ◽  
Liesbeth Degand
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Contextual Variables ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Verbal Predicate ◽  
The Subject

The connective because can express both highly objective and highly subjective causal relations. In this, it differs from its counterparts in other languages, e.g. Dutch, where two conjunctions omdat and want express more objective and more subjective causal relations, respectively. The present study investigates whether it is possible to anchor the different uses of because in context, examining a large number of syntactic, morphological and semantic cues with a minimal cost of manual annotation. We propose an innovative method of distinguishing between subjective and objective uses of because with the help of information available from an English/Dutch segment of a parallel corpus, which is accompanied by a distributional analysis of contextual features. On the basis of automatic syntactic and morphological annotation of approximately 1500 examples of because, every English sentence is coded semi-automatically for more than twenty contextual variables, such as the part of speech, number, person, semantic class of the subject, modality, etc. We employ logistic regression to determine whether these contextual variables help predict which of the two causal connectives is used in the corresponding Dutch sentences. Our results indicate that a set of semantic and syntactic features that include modality, semantics of referents (subjects), semantic class of the verbal predicate, tense (past vs. non-past) and the presence of evaluative adjectives, are reliable predictors of the more subjective and objective uses of because, demonstrating that this distinction can indeed be anchored in the immediate linguistic context. The proposed method and relevant contextual cues can be used for identification of objective and subjective relationships in discourse.

Dimensions of Individual Difference in the Spoken Syntax of School Children

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur A. Hass ◽  
Joseph M. Wepman
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
School Children ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Different Types

Language produced by 180 children (aged five through 13 years) on a story-telling task was analyzed in terms of 57 variables (part-of-speech frequencies and proportions, syntactic elaboration indexes, and constructional variety measures). A factor analysis revealed five dimensions of syntactic usage: general fluency, embeddedness, finite verb structure, noun phrase structure, and qualified speech. The embeddedness dimension was the only one with a sizable relation to age and is interpretable in terms of a developmental progression in the inclusion of transformationally processed content in the sentence. Among the other stylistic dimensions, fluency, and verbal vs nominal emphases in language appear to be in evidence at various age levels and on different types of variables.

The changingfuture: competition, specialization and reorganization in the contemporary English future temporal reference system

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-430
Author(s):  
DEREK DENIS ◽  
SALI A. TAGLIAMONTE
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Reference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Time Construct ◽  
Future Temporal Reference

The English future temporal reference system has long been recognized as a variable system undergoing change. The main variants in contemporary English (willandbe going to) have both been argued to have gone through (and to potentially still be undergoing) grammaticalization. At the same time,be going tohas been gradually increasing in frequency relative towillover the last 500 years. However, investigation of the ongoing development of this system has been sparse. This article makes use of a large contemporary sociolinguistic corpus of a mainstream variety of North American English and the apparent-time construct. Several factors that have been implicated in the development of this system (Sentence Type, Clause Type, Proximity, Verb Type, and the Animacy and Grammatical Person of the Subject) are considered and a multiplex series of changes are uncovered. Underlying an overall, albeit slow, change in frequency towardsbe going to, we find evidence for specialization of one or the other variant in different linguistic contexts, neutralization of a constraint consistent with ongoing loss of variant nuances through semantic bleaching, and the persistence of constraints consistent with morphological doublet competition.

Golgi Apparatus and Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Study of a Human Cellular Blue Nevus (Melanocytoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Nevus ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Golgi System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Blue Nevus

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.

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