scholarly journals PERANAN UNI EROPA MELALUI PROGRAM IPA (INSTRUMEN PRE-ACCESSION ASSISTANCE) DALAM MEMBANGUN PEREKONOMIAN KOSOVO

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Miranti Purnamasari
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Do So

The problem of this research is how the European Union is a regional organization that is in the European region, has a policy of enlargement, which is a policy where the EU is trying to expand the area of cooperation to do so will be more extensive. Balkan region did not escape the attention of Europe. for this region, the European Union issued a Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) which merupaka a policy that contains the promise of the EU to the Western Balkan countries for the opportunity to become a member. That's why Kosovo had finally become part of the SAP. After becoming a part of SAP, Kosovo received assistance from the EU as a potential candidate candidate. Program assistance provided by the EU is the IPA program which is a program set up to create a single framework to assist candidate countries and potential countries to join the EU premises. Through this IPA, the EU provides financial assistance to Kosovo to build its economy. This type of research is qualitative. The method used is descriptive analysis techniques. Most of the data collected through literature, as well as the search website. The results of this study indicate that the funds provided by the European Union through the IPA program provided through economy of Kosovo has been quite successful with demonstrated through improvements to the economy of Kosovo, the provision of this assistance has resulted in significant improvements in economic growth and development of Kosovo.

German Policy towards EU Enlargement

2015 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
F. Basov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Western Balkan Region ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Eu

This article is dedicated to the German policy towards the EU enlargement. Its history as well as the current German policy towards prospective enlargements are analyzed in this paper. The article offers party-political and sociological analysis of Germany`s attitude towards the EU enlargement, also the reasons for it are determined. FRG supported all of the European Community and European Union enlargements. This line is being continued, but nowadays only step to step approach is being supported. Germany‘s motives to the EU enlargement are based on the liberal concept of the common security. The main goals of this policy are the including of European countries into the Western community of developed countries (the EU), the extension of the stability and security area. The economic integration is also very important for Germany. The key priority of the EU enlargement is the Western Balkan region (the so called “Europeanisation” of Western Balkans). This process is being supported by political elites of the region and by the European Union itself. It is recognized, that the Europeanisation of Western Balkans was used as a sample for the Eastern Partnership Program. Without consideration of the Russian factor, though, this strategy towards the post-Soviet countries has many weaknesses. But the EU-membership for the Eastern Partnership members is not excluded.

scholarly journals Social Gender Inequality in the Member, Candidate, Potential Canditate Transition Economies of the European Union and Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Nuray GÖKÇEK KARACA ◽  
Azmi Recep ÖZDAŞ
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
The Eu

In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omissions in all components of gender inequality, categorized as health care, participation in political life, access to education and participation in working life. Therefore Turkey needs to reconsider all these categories and their indicators.

14. Review of Legality:

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Craig ◽  
Gráinne de Búrca
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Treaty Provision ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Academic Debate ◽  
Do So

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The EU develops policy through regulations, directives, and decisions. Any developed legal system must have a mechanism for testing the legality of such measures. This chapter focuses on access to justice and review of legality by the EU Courts. There are a number of ways in which EU norms can be challenged, but the principal Treaty provision is Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (ex Article 230 EC). Five conditions must be satisfied before an act can successfully be challenged: (i) the relevant body must be amenable to judicial review; (ii) the act has to be of a kind that is open to challenge; (iii) the institution or person making the challenge must have standing to do so; (iv) there must be illegality of a type mentioned in Article 263(2); and (v) the challenge must be brought within the time limit indicated in Article 263(6).

Enlargement Policy and European Union Politics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Gateva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
Integration Project ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Enlargement has always been an essential part of the European integration. Each enlargement round has left its mark on the integration project. However, it was the expansion of the European Union (EU) with the 10 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), Cyprus, and Malta, unprecedented in scope and scale, which presented the EU with an opportunity to develop a multifaceted set of instruments and transformed enlargement into one of the EU’s most successful policies. The numerous challenges of the accession process, along with the immensity of the historical mission to unify Europe, lent speed to the emergence of the study of EU enlargement as a key research area. The early studies investigated the puzzle of the EU’s decision to enlarge with the CEECs, and the costs and benefits of the Eastern expansion. However, the questions about the impact of EU enlargement policy inspired a new research agenda. Studies of the influence of the EU on candidate and potential candidate countries have not only widened the research focus of Europeanization studies (beyond the member states of the Union), but also stimulated and shaped the debates on the scope and effectiveness of EU conditionality. Most of the analytical frameworks developed in the context of the Eastern enlargement have favored rational institutionalist approaches highlighting a credible membership perspective as the key explanatory variable. However, studies analyzing the impact of enlargement policy on the Western Balkan countries and Turkey have shed light on some of the limitations of the rationalist approaches and sought to identify new explanatory factors. After the completion of the fifth enlargement with the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, the research shifted to analyzing the continuity and change of EU enlargement policy and its impact on the candidate and potential candidate countries. There is also a growing number of studies examining the sustainability of the impact of EU conditionality after accession by looking into new members’ compliance with EU rules. The impact of EU enlargement policy on the development of European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and comparative evaluations of the Union’s performance across the two policy frameworks have also shaped and expanded the debate on the mechanisms and effectiveness of the EU’s influence. The impact of the Eastern enlargement on EU institutions and policymaking is another area of research that has emerged over the last decade. In less than two decades, the study of EU enlargement policy has produced a rich and diverse body of literature that has shaped the broader research agendas on Europeanization, implementation, and compliance and EU policymaking. Comprehensive theoretical and empirical studies have allowed us to develop a detailed understanding of the impact of the EU on the political and economic transformations in Central and Eastern Europe. The ongoing accession process provides more opportunities to study the evolving nature of EU enlargement policy, its impact on candidate countries, the development of EU policies, and the advancement of the integration project.

scholarly journals The European Union as a demoicracy: Really a third way?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Ronzoni
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Institutional Model ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Do So

Should the EU be a federal union or an intergovernmental forum? Recently, demoicrats have been arguing that there exists a third alternative. The EU should be conceived as a demoicracy, namely a ‘Union of peoples who govern together, but not as one’ (Nicolaïdis). The demoi of Europe recognise that they affect one another’s democratic health, and hence establish a union to guarantee their freedom qua demoi – which most demoicrats cash out as non-domination. This is more than intergovernmentalism, because the demoi govern together on these matters. However, if the union aims at protecting the freedom of the different European demoi, it cannot do so by replacing them with a ‘superdemos’, as federalists want. This paper argues that demoicracy does possess distinctive normative features; it claims, however, that an institutional choice between intergovernmentalism and federalism is necessary. Depending on how we interpret what the non-domination of demoi requires, demoicracy will either ground a specific way of practicing intergovernmentalism or a specific form of federalism. It cannot, however, ground an institutional model which is genuinely alternative to both.

scholarly journals Economic prospects in the context of growing regional interdependencies: the European Union and the eastern partnership

Ekonomika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-72
Author(s):  
Ganna Kharlamova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Political Association ◽  
The Eu

The paper deals with the European Union programme devoted to the eastern neighboring states. Through its European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the EU works with its southern and eastern neighbours to achieve the closest possible political association and the greatest possible degree of economic integration. This goal builds on common interests and values — democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and social cohesion. The EU is concerned that, despite sufficient funding and support from the EU, the targeted states did not raise to the EU targets for the programme or at least to a relevant one. We assume that such fact happened mostly because, although having very diverse economic and reform pasts emerged from the post-soviet period, they were considered and approached as a single group. The main hypothesis: has the umbrella of the EU funds in terms of the EaP provided for the six targeted states to intensify the growth of regional interdependencies as well as political cooperation and progressive economic integration? The main goal of the paper is to assess, by means of the statistical and comparison approach, the development and the economic sustainability of six targeted states (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) in the period before and after the programme launching – the degree of regional interdependence and economic integration. The research was conducted using the methods of empirical (regression) analysis, theoretical explanations, descriptive analysis, and the Granger causality test.

scholarly journals The European Union–Azerbaijan high-level transport dialogue: A timely reaction to the structural changes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 187936652110545
Author(s):  
Shamkhal Abilov ◽  
Beyrak Hajiyev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Do So

The European Union (EU) and Azerbaijan high-level transport dialogue is the continuation of the long period of cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan in the area of transport since the early 1990s. The geopolitical and geo-economic maps of Eurasia, the South Caucasus, and the regions around have significantly changed since then thanks to rise of China, India, and other regional actors. These actors in their turn began to initiate competitive logistical and transportation projects to define terms and conditions of the making of Eurasian transport and trade routes. The ultimate goal is to have a share in controlling global flows passing through the strategic spots of Eurasian landmass. The EU’s recent transport dialogue with Azerbaijan reflects and is reaction to those changes that happened in the wider Europe, in Eurasia, and in the globe. This paper tries to place the EU and Azerbaijan transport dialogue to a broader picture to find out what changes conditioned and necessitated the upgraded dialogue between the EU and Azerbaijan. To do so, it traces the EU and Azerbaijan’s transport policies and cooperation since the early 1990s.

scholarly journals Elaboration of a Phytomedicine for Intestinal Comfort Based on the European Union Regulation on Traditional Use: Mixture Design Optimization

Foundations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Imane Es-safi ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Amal Amaghnouje ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Dalila Bousta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Mixture Design ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Result ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, knowledge about the uses of medicinal plants is growing exponentially, and in order to conserve and valorize this knowledge, the European Union has set up multiple regulations to control their usage by the population. In this framework, this work is based on EU regulations to elaborate a new phytomedicine for intestinal comfort. The phytomedicine subject of elaboration is under the category of Traditional Use Herbal Medicine Products (TUHMPs), containing plants of approved medicinal use of at least 30 years, including 15 years in the European Union (Myrtus communis L. leaves (MC), Pimpinella anisum L. seeds (PA) and Carum carvi L. (CC) fruit). The EU pharmacopeia and monographs recognize the individual effect of each plant selected, and this work aims to study their combined effect using a mixture design. Acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice is used to study the efficacy of the mixture as pain relief and for intestinal comfort. According to the test result, the individual, binary and ternary combination were very effective compared to negative and positive control approving by that the synergy between the plants. Following the mixture design analysis, the best formulation was a ternary combination with different ratios (MC: 45%, PA: 52% and CC with 3%). The predicted formulation was studied after that and approved by the test result. This work provided a practical way to establish new phytomedicines within the EU and could be a model for new outcoming phytomedicine in the market.

Political and Economic Impacts of Brexit on European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Mazhar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Aslam
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Analysis Study ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

The Brexit is a term used to explain about the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union. Brexit is an important political development in the recent political scenario of Europe. It has its impacts on the economic and political future of the UK and the EU. In mid of 2016, a referendum was held in the UK to decide whether they should remain in the EU or exit. The British decided in favour of exit. In this study, descriptive analysis study covers the impacts of Brexit on the EU, possible post-Brexit challenges, and way forward for the EU. The post-Brexit challenges for the EU such as rise of anti-EU political forces spreading anti-migrants’ sentiments in member states and economic challenges such as Budgetary gap, impact of Brexit on the structures of the EU institutions have been observed. It has also been observed that the EU will remain stable despite of the challenges. If it deals the situation with unity and harmony among its member states, the challenges can be turned into opportunities.

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