scholarly journals Elaboration of a Phytomedicine for Intestinal Comfort Based on the European Union Regulation on Traditional Use: Mixture Design Optimization

Foundations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Imane Es-safi ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Amal Amaghnouje ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Dalila Bousta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Mixture Design ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Test Result ◽  
The Eu

Nowadays, knowledge about the uses of medicinal plants is growing exponentially, and in order to conserve and valorize this knowledge, the European Union has set up multiple regulations to control their usage by the population. In this framework, this work is based on EU regulations to elaborate a new phytomedicine for intestinal comfort. The phytomedicine subject of elaboration is under the category of Traditional Use Herbal Medicine Products (TUHMPs), containing plants of approved medicinal use of at least 30 years, including 15 years in the European Union (Myrtus communis L. leaves (MC), Pimpinella anisum L. seeds (PA) and Carum carvi L. (CC) fruit). The EU pharmacopeia and monographs recognize the individual effect of each plant selected, and this work aims to study their combined effect using a mixture design. Acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice is used to study the efficacy of the mixture as pain relief and for intestinal comfort. According to the test result, the individual, binary and ternary combination were very effective compared to negative and positive control approving by that the synergy between the plants. Following the mixture design analysis, the best formulation was a ternary combination with different ratios (MC: 45%, PA: 52% and CC with 3%). The predicted formulation was studied after that and approved by the test result. This work provided a practical way to establish new phytomedicines within the EU and could be a model for new outcoming phytomedicine in the market.

Legal aspects of protection of the financial interests of the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Marta Miedzińska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scope Of Protection ◽  
The Eu

The foundations and the operating framework of the institutions of the European Union and its Member States are determined by legal acts established at the EU level. The legal bases at the EU level contain key standards in the scope of protection of the financial interests of the European Union and are the main determinants for the individual EU countries when their legal institutions create legal bases at the national level. The aim of this article is to present the main legal basis for the protection of the financial interests of the European Union at the EU level, which will help to examine the impact of these provisions on detecting irregularities and fraud in the EU.

The Fox and the Raven: The European Union and Hungary Renegotiate the Margins of “Europe”

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
East European ◽  
Individual Candidate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

A series of diplomatic exchanges has recently unfolded between the Hungarian government and the Commission of the European Union. The stakes are historic for the Hungarian side. Hungary formally applied for full membership in the European Union on March 31, 1994, the first country to announce such intentions among the successor states of the former Soviet bloc. Two years later, the Commission sent a lengthy questionnaire about the “state of the applicant” to all—by then, ten—central and east European applicant states. The Hungarian side filed its comprehensive response three months after the receipt of the questionnaire. The Commission waited until all responses were in and acknowledged the Hungarian answer in a document, issued another year later, whose purpose was to determine whether to recommend that the EU Council should start negotiations with the individual candidate countries about full membership.

scholarly journals An East‑West Divide in the European Union? The Visegrad Four States in Search of the Historical Self in National Discourses on European Integration

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
Christopher Walsch
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Discourses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
East West ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This article explores whether a new east‑west divide exists in the enlarged European Union by analysing national discourses on European integration in the Visegrad Four (V4) states. Two V4 foreign policy legacies form the basis of analysis: the “Return to Europe” discourse and the discourses around the reconstruction of the historical self. The article gives evidence that the V4 countries share sovereignty in external policies and thus have a distinct European orientation. V4 national‑conservative governments hold sovereigntist positions, however, in policy areas that they consider falling exclusively within the realm of the member state. Comparison with Western European member states gives evidence that the post-1945 paradigm changes were more profound than those of post-1989 ones of Eastern Europe. This historic legacy can explain the more integrationist orientations in Western Europe. The article concludes that behaviour of the individual V4 state seems to be of greater importance for each member than collective V4 group action. Finally, the article gives an outlook on ways in which solidarity between the Western and Eastern halves of the EU can be exercised in an ideologically diverging Union.

scholarly journals Administrative Acts of the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Marek Jaśkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Member States ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Administrative Act ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

In light of the transfer of the non-negligible extent of administrative competences from member states to the EU it is important not to deprive the interested individuals of legal guarantees, originally enjoyed by them under the national law of administrative procedure. Therefore, formal qualification of an act at the EU level should not result in diminishing individual procedural protection. With this assumption in mind the present contribution is intended to construe a notion of an administrative act of the European Union on the basis of national law conceptions of administrative acts. Subsequently, the article presents an analysis of various categories of EU acts in light of a uniform notion of the individual administrative act as an attempt to standardize the structures, procedures and methodologies employed in different domains of EU competence.

THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN THE POST-COVID PERIOD. KEY FEATURES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Boris P. Guseletov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Partnership Program ◽  
The Eu

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program in the post-COVID period. It considers the main features of that program in modern conditions and further prospects for its de- velopment, taking into account the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the European Union and the countries participating in this program. The author analyzes the EU leadership attitude to the individual participants of the program and identifies priorities in relation to the various countries represen- ted in it. To overcome the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission decided to provide financial assistance to the participating countries, but the amount of the assistance for individual countries depended on the state of relations between the European Union and the leadership of those countries. It is proved in the article that the European Union currently has the most favorable relations with three countries parti- cipating in the program: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, which have openly declared a policy of rapprochement with the European Union in the political and economic fields. The author outlines positions of all the countries and their expectations of participating in the program in the nearest future as well as in the longer term.

Dispute Settlement Mechanisms: Gulf Cooperation Council Practice v. European Union Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Fathi Hussain ◽  
Mahdi Zahraa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms

Abstract Dispute settlement mechanisms (DSM) are the heart of international organisations without which organisations would be ineffective. The European Union (EU) is probably the most effective regional body whose efficacy is largely due to its powerful judicial organ, the Court of Justice (CJEU). This article also examines the DSM available in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), in order to assess its effectiveness. It briefly discusses aspects of the EU and CJEU to help provide suggestions to improve the GCC DSM. This article concludes that the GCC DSM lacks effectiveness due to an inherent defect in its DMS organs. This defect is twofold: first, the GCC has yet to establish an effective judicial organ to deal with its disputes; and, second, there is a lack of political will to establish an organ that is vested with a supranational power that can override the individual will of the Member States.

scholarly journals Reappraising Diplomacy: Structural Diplomacy and the Case of the European Union

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Keukeleire ◽  
Arnout Justaert ◽  
Robin Thiers
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International System ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
State Regional

AbstractDiverse shifts have taken place in both the daily practice and academic analyses of diplomacy. The authors argue that the various conceptualizations do not sufficiently take into account that diplomacy is increasingly concerned with influencing or shaping structures. The aim of this article is therefore to reappraise the nature of diplomacy in general and of the European Union in particular by elaborating on the concept structural diplomacy. This concept refers to the process of dialogue and negotiation by which actors in the international system seek to influence or shape sustainable external political, legal, economic, social and security structures at different relevant levels in a given geographic space (from the level of the individual and society, to the state, regional and global levels). The EU's institutional and diplomatic set-up allows it to conduct structural diplomacy. However, the extent and effectiveness of this diplomacy strongly differ depending on the regions in question.

scholarly journals A regulatory take on cannabis and cannabinoids for medicinal use in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Metoda Lipnik-Štangelj ◽  
Barbara Razinger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Marketing Authorisation ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe discovery of the endocannabinoid system has raised public interest in the medicinal use of cannabis, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids, which has always been closely regulated due to their psychotropic effects and potential abuse. The review takes a quick look at the current legal framework in the European Union, which regulates cannabis use and cultivation for medicinal purposes in line with the United Nations Conventions on the production, trade, and use of cannabis, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids. And while the EU legislation precisely defines requirements and marketing authorisation procedures for medicinal products for all EU member states, there is no common regulatory framework for magistral and officinal preparations containing cannabinoids, as they are exempt from marketing authorisation. Instead, their regulation is left to each member state, and it is quite uneven at this point, mainly due to cultural and historical differences between the countries, leading to different access to non-authorised medicinal products. Therefore, to meet great public interest, harmonised approaches on cannabinoid-containing products without marketing authorisation would be welcome to level the playing field in the EU.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EU INTEGRATION PROCESS OF ALBANIA AND KOSOVO

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerina Causevic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
The Eu

Having their populations add up to over 80% of Albanian ethnicity, Kosovo and Albania can be conceptualized as being closely intertwined namely when it comes to their foreign policies. This article will primarily focus on the foreign policies of Albania and Kosovo through the lens of their major foreign policy goals and their connections with the European Union. The path of the contemporary existence of Albania and Kosovo has been marked by various events such as the dissolution of Kosovo from Serbia. Their primary efforts include building and maintaining a democratic society that would enable the two countries to gradually flourish and establish closer ties with neighboring countries as well as Europe and the EU if successful. This research provides a comparison of the two foreign policies through a lateral method by also focusing on one of the three levels of analysis, the individual, state, and system. Within the individual level emphasis is laid on crucial individuals such as Rama, Pacolli, Cakaj, and Meta. This level of analysis and the outline of influential decisionmakers statements and actions can confirm the idea that the two countries of Kosovo and Albania can survive only in case of successful cooperation amongst each other as well as through Euro Atlantic integration namely with the European Union.

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