Faculty Opinions recommendation of Dance of the SNAREs: assembly and rearrangements detected with FRET at neuronal synapses.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangyi Chen ◽  
Junmei Fan
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Synapses

Astrocytes in health and disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (15) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Murányi ◽  
Zsombor Lacza
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

It is now known that astrocytes are not merely supporting cells but they also play an important role in neuronal funcions. Astrocytes tightly ensheat neuronal synapses and regulate the excitation of neurons by uptaking neurotransmitters; reglulate the cerebral blood flow, cerebral fluid volume and extracellular concentrations of ions. They also supply fuel in the form of lactate and provide free radical scavangers such as glutathione for active neurons. These facts indicate that impaired function of astrocytes may lead to neuronal dysfunction. After brain injury (stroke, trauma or tumors) astrocytes are swollen and release active molecules such as glutamate or free radicals resulting in neuronal dysfunction. Thus, investigation of the molecular mechanisms of astrocyte function may reveal novel targets for the development of therapeutic tools in neuronal diseases.

Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (37) ◽  
pp. 6384-6406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuo Zhang ◽  
Hongli Zhou ◽  
Jiyin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Peripheral Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Modulation

NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

scholarly journals Neurexins: molecular codes for shaping neuronal synapses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Gomez ◽  
Lisa Traunmüller ◽  
Peter Scheiffele
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Synapses

scholarly journals Astroglial Integrins in the Development and Regulation of Neurovascular Units

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironobu Tanigami ◽  
Takayuki Okamoto ◽  
Yuichi Yasue ◽  
Motomu Shimaoka
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Signaling Activity ◽  
Cerebral Vascular

In the neurovascular units of the central nervous system, astrocytes form extensive networks that physically and functionally connect the neuronal synapses and the cerebral vascular vessels. This astrocytic network is thought to be critically important for coupling neuronal signaling activity and energy demand with cerebral vascular tone and blood flow. To establish and maintain this elaborate network, astrocytes must precisely calibrate their perisynaptic and perivascular processes in order to sense and regulate neuronal and vascular activities, respectively. Integrins, a prominent family of cell-adhesion molecules that support astrocytic migration in the brain during developmental and normal adult stages, have been implicated in regulating the integrity of the blood brain barrier and the tripartite synapse to facilitate the formation of a functionally integrated neurovascular unit. This paper describes the significant roles that integrins and connexins play not only in regulating astrocyte migration during the developmental and adult stages of the neurovascular unit, but also in general health and in such diseases as hepatic encephalopathy.

scholarly journals Neuronal ribosomes exhibit dynamic and context-dependent exchange of ribosomal proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia M. Fusco ◽  
Kristina Desch ◽  
Aline R. Dörrbaum ◽  
Mantian Wang ◽  
Anja Staab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Ribosome Profiling ◽  
Metabolic Labeling ◽  
Local Protein Synthesis ◽  
Translational Machinery ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Local Protein

AbstractOwing to their morphological complexity and dense network connections, neurons modify their proteomes locally, using mRNAs and ribosomes present in the neuropil (tissue enriched for dendrites and axons). Although ribosome biogenesis largely takes place in the nucleus and perinuclear region, neuronal ribosomal protein (RP) mRNAs have been frequently detected remotely, in dendrites and axons. Here, using imaging and ribosome profiling, we directly detected the RP mRNAs and their translation in the neuropil. Combining brief metabolic labeling with mass spectrometry, we found that a group of RPs rapidly associated with translating ribosomes in the cytoplasm and that this incorporation was independent of canonical ribosome biogenesis. Moreover, the incorporation probability of some RPs was regulated by location (neurites vs. cell bodies) and changes in the cellular environment (following oxidative stress). Our results suggest new mechanisms for the local activation, repair and/or specialization of the translational machinery within neuronal processes, potentially allowing neuronal synapses a rapid means to regulate local protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes and Aging of the Brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Morita ◽  
Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka ◽  
Marko Kreft ◽  
Nina Vardjan ◽  
Robert Zorec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pathologic Processes ◽  
The Brain

As part of the blood-brain-barrier, astrocytes are ideally positioned between cerebral vasculature and neuronal synapses to mediate nutrient uptake from the systemic circulation. In addition, astrocytes have a robust enzymatic capacity of glycolysis, glycogenesis and lipid metabolism, managing nutrient support in the brain parenchyma for neuronal consumption. Here, we review the plasticity of astrocyte energy metabolism under physiologic and pathologic conditions, highlighting age-dependent brain dysfunctions. In astrocytes, glycolysis and glycogenesis are regulated by noradrenaline and insulin, respectively, while mitochondrial ATP production and fatty acid oxidation are influenced by the thyroid hormone. These regulations are essential for maintaining normal brain activities, and impairments of these processes may lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Metabolic plasticity is also associated with (re)activation of astrocytes, a process associated with pathologic events. It is likely that the recently described neurodegenerative and neuroprotective subpopulations of reactive astrocytes metabolize distinct energy substrates, and that this preference is supposed to explain some of their impacts on pathologic processes. Importantly, physiologic and pathologic properties of astrocytic metabolic plasticity bear translational potential in defining new potential diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets to mitigate neurodegeneration and age-related brain dysfunctions.

scholarly journals Bright split red fluorescent proteins for the visualization of endogenous proteins and synapses

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Feng ◽  
Aruna Varshney ◽  
Doris Coto Villa ◽  
Cyrus Modavi ◽  
John Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Directed Evolution ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Protein Assembly ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Red Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Endogenous Proteins

Abstract Self-associating split fluorescent proteins (FPs) are split FPs whose two fragments spontaneously associate to form a functional FP. They have been widely used for labeling proteins, scaffolding protein assembly and detecting cell-cell contacts. Recently developments have expanded the palette of self-associating split FPs beyond the original split GFP1-10/11. However, these new ones have suffered from suboptimal fluorescence signal after complementation. Here, by investigating the complementation process, we have demonstrated two approaches to improve split FPs: assistance through SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction and directed evolution. The latter has yielded two split sfCherry3 variants with substantially enhanced overall brightness, facilitating the tagging of endogenous proteins by gene editing. Based on sfCherry3, we have further developed a new red-colored trans-synaptic marker called Neuroligin-1 sfCherry3 Linker Across Synaptic Partners (NLG-1 CLASP) for multiplexed visualization of neuronal synapses in living C. elegans, demonstrating its broad applications.

scholarly journals Syntenin: PDZ Protein Regulating Signaling Pathways and Cellular Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadayuki Shimada ◽  
Shin Yasuda ◽  
Hiroko Sugiura ◽  
Kanato Yamagata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Pdz Domains ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Peptide Motifs ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Zonula Occludens ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Discs Large ◽  
Pdz Protein ◽  
Zonula Occludens 1

Syntenin is an adaptor-like molecule that has two adjacent tandem postsynaptic density protein 95/Discs large protein/Zonula occludens 1 (PDZ) domains. The PDZ domains of syntenin recognize multiple peptide motifs with low to moderate affinity. Many reports have indicated interactions between syntenin and a plethora of proteins. Through interactions with various proteins, syntenin regulates the architecture of the cell membrane. As a result, increases in syntenin levels induce the metastasis of tumor cells, protrusion along the neurite in neuronal cells, and exosome biogenesis in various cell types. Here, we review the updated data that support various roles for syntenin in the regulation of neuronal synapses, tumor cell invasion, and exosome control.

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