role of cultivar susceptibility and vineyard age in GTD: examples from the Carpathian Basin

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are among the most severe problems in viticulture worldwide. The exact etiology and the role of endophytic microorganisms is not known yet and there is no adequate protection or curative treatment against the disease. Hungarian wine regions are also affected by the disease, and there is restricted information about the rate of infection nation-wide and about the susceptibility of the Hungarian cultivars. The main objectives of our research are to measure the symptom expression and the damage caused by GTDs, to understand the epidemiology and etiology of the disease to establish a foundation of a proper disease management. Cultivar susceptibility groups were created with the aim to allocate some Hungarian cultivars and the role of vineyard age was also examined in symptom expression.

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Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0036-r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

pp. 946-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maryline Magnin-Robert ◽

Marielle Adrian ◽

Sophie Trouvelot ◽

Alessandro Spagnolo ◽

Lucile Jacquens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Symptom Expression ◽

Glutathione Level ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Esca Disease ◽

Foliar Symptom ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Preferential Location ◽

Preceding Symptom

Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.

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Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 802

Author(s):

Pierluigi Reveglia ◽

Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽

Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽

Marco Masi ◽

Alessio Cimmino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Physiological Factors ◽

Diplodia Seriata ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

One Year ◽

Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

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Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.4.1696 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 293

Author(s):

Elia Choueiri ◽

Fouad Jreijiri ◽

Paulette Chlela ◽

Valérie Mayet ◽

Gwénaelle Comont ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Numerical Evaluation ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Mediterranean Countries ◽

Esca Disease ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Micro Organisms

Aims: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.Methods and results: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.Conclusion: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea and species of the ascomycete family Botryosphaeriaceae were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.Significance and impact of the study: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that Botryosphaeriaceae species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.

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Current knowledge on Grapevine Trunk Diseases with complex etiology: a systemic approach

Phytopathologia Mediterranea ◽

10.36253/phyto-11150 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 29-53

Author(s):

Marion CLAVERIE ◽

Martin NOTARO ◽

Florence FONTAINE ◽

Jacques WERY

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Model ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Symptom Expression ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Foliar Symptoms ◽

Starting Point ◽

Foliar Symptom ◽

Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽

Trunk Diseases

Among all causes of grapevine decline, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) are major concerns for grape growers. This paper reviews knowledge and proposes hypotheses on two major GTDs, esca and Botryosphaeria dieback, and assembles a conceptual model. The objective was to collect information into a sequence, from grapevine nursery propagation processes, through foliar symptom expression, to plant death in mature vineyards. Pathogen infection and colonization steps in woody vine tissues, and the hypotheses that have been formulated to explain the outburst of foliar symptoms, are reported and discussed. Factors that could aggravate or repress GTD symptoms and incidence expansion are also addressed. Vine physiology and pathology together could expand understanding of these diseases. Knowledge and hypotheses that need validation are summarized, and a conceptual model is proposed to explain the occurrence of symptoms and the influencing factors. The model could be useful to cope with the complexity of GTDs, and as a starting point for research to unravel knowledge gaps and suggest new disease management strategies.

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Assessment of Conjugate Complexes of Chitosan and Urtica dioica or Equisetum arvense Extracts for the Control of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050976 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 976

Author(s):

Natalia Langa-Lomba ◽

Laura Buzón-Durán ◽

Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽

José Casanova-Gascón ◽

Jesús Martín-Gil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urtica Dioica ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Equisetum Arvense ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Synergistic Behavior ◽

Reported Data ◽

Basic Substances

In the work presented herein, we analyze the efficacy of three basic substances that comply with European Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, namely chitosan, horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) and nettle (Urtica dioica L.), for the control of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in organic farming. The E. arvense and U. dioica aqueous extracts, prepared according to SANCO/12386/2013 and SANTE/11809/2016, have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), identifying their main active constituents. The three basic substances, either alone or in combination (forming conjugate complexes), have been tested in vitro against eight Botryosphaeriaceae species, and in vivo, in grafted plants artificially inoculated with Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata. A clear synergistic behavior between chitosan and the two plant extracts has been observed in the mycelial growth inhibition tests (resulting in EC90 values as low as 208 μg·mL−1 for some of the isolates), and statistically significant differences have been found in terms of vascular necroses lengths between treated and non-treated plants, providing further evidence of aforementioned synergism in the case of D. seriata. The reported data supports the possibility of extending the applications of these three basic substances in Viticulture beyond the treatment of mildew.

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Critical timing of fungicide application for pruning wound protection to control grapevine trunk diseases

Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research ◽

10.1111/ajgw.12517 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M.R. Ayres ◽

R. Billones‐Baaijens ◽

S. Savocchia ◽

E.S. Scott ◽

M.R. Sosnowski

Keyword(s):

Fungicide Application ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Pruning Wound ◽

Wound Protection ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Critical Timing

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The cypsela (achene) of Echinacea purpurea as a diffusion unit of a community of microorganisms

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-021-11212-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 105 (7) ◽

pp. 2951-2965

Author(s):

Massimiliano Cardinale ◽

Marian Viola ◽

Elisangela Miceli ◽

Teresa Faddetta ◽

Anna Maria Puglia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Active Role ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

Endophytic Microorganisms ◽

Host Membrane ◽

Key Points ◽

Endophytic Bacterial Community ◽

Pharmaceutical Properties ◽

Stimulation Of

AbstractEchinacea purpurea is a plant cultivated worldwide for its pharmaceutical properties, mainly related to the stimulation of the immune system in the treatment of respiratory infections. The cypselas (fruits) of E. purpurea were examined in order to investigate the presence, localization and potential function(s) of endophytic microorganisms. Electron and confocal microscopy observations showed that three different components of microorganisms were associated to cypselas of E. purpurea: (i) one endocellular bacterial component in the cotyledons, enclosed within the host membrane; (ii) another more generic bacterial component adhering to the external side of the perianth; and (iii) a fungal component inside the porous layer of the perianth, the woody and porous modified residual of the flower, in the form of numerous hyphae able to cross the wall between adjacent cells. Isolated bacteria were affiliated to the genera Paenibacillus, Pantoea, and Sanguibacter. Plate tests showed a general resistance to six different antibiotics and also to an antimicrobial-producing Rheinheimera sp. test strain. Finally, microbiome-deprived E. purpurea seeds showed a reduced ability to germinate, suggesting an active role of the microbiome in the plant vitality. Our results suggest that the endophytic bacterial community of E. purpurea, previously found in roots and stem/leaves, might be already carried at the seed stage, hosted by the cotyledons. A further microbial fungal component is transported together with the seed in the perianth of the cypsela, whose remarkable structure may be considered as an adaptation for fungal transportation, and could influence the capability of the seed to germinate in the soil.Key Points• The fruit of Echinacea purpurea contains fungi not causing any damage to the plant.• The seed cotyledons contain endocellular bacteria.• Seed/fruit deprived of the microbiome showed a reduced ability to germinate.

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The compositional turnover of grapevine-associated plant pathogenic fungal communities are greater among intraindividual microhabitats and terroirs than among healthy and Esca-diseased plants

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-05-21-0190-r ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adrienn Geiger ◽

Zoltán Karácsony ◽

Richárd Golen ◽

Kálmán Zoltán Váczy ◽

József Geml

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Wine Industry ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽

Esca Disease ◽

Dna Metabarcoding ◽

Trunk Diseases ◽

Fungal Dna ◽

Key Questions

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are a major threat to the wine industry, causing yield loss and dieback of grapevines. While the increasing damage caused by GTDs in recent decades have spurred several studies on grapevine-associated pathogenic fungi, key questions about the emergence and severity of GTDs remain unanswered, including possible differences in plant pathogenic fungal communities in asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines. We generated fungal DNA metabarcoding data from soil, bark, and perennial wood samples from asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevines sampled in three terroirs. We observed larger compositional differences in plant pathogenic fungi among different plants parts within grapevine plants than among individual grapevines. This is driven by the dominance of GTD-associated fungi in perennial wood and non-GTD pathogens in soil, as well as by the lack of significant differences among asymptomatic and Esca symptomatic grapevines. These results suggest that fungi generally associated with Esca disease belong to the core grapevine microbiome and likely are commensal endophytes and/or latent saprotrophs, some of which can act as opportunistic pathogens on stressed plants. In addition, we found significant compositional differences among sampling sites, particularly in soil, which suggest a certain influence of local edaphic and mesclimatic factors on plant pathogenic fungal communities. Furthermore, the observed differences among terroirs in plant pathogenic fungal communities in grapevine woody parts indicate that environmental factors likely are important for the development of Esca disease and further studies are needed to investigate the abiotic conditions on fungal compositional dynamics in Esca-affected plants.

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