scholarly journals Effect of Psidium guajava (guava) L. Leaf Decoction on Antibiotic-resistant Clinical Diarrhoeagenic Isolates of Shigella spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Poonam Daswani ◽  
Vigneshwaran Muthuraman ◽  
Ragini Macaden ◽  
Mary Dias ◽  
Tannaz Birdi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Guava Leaf

Background: Although shigellosis is self-limiting, antibiotics are recommended to minimize the severity of symptoms and reduce mortality rates. However, due to the increasing reports of antibiotic resistance, alternative approaches are needed to combat shigellosis. Interest for research on medicinal plants has increased in recent years, and hence, they can be explored to treat this infectious diarrhoea. Objective: To study the effect of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaf decoction (GLD) on the antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Shigella spp. Materials and Methods: A total of 43 isolated Shigella spp. from diarrhoeal patients were used in this study. The effect of GLD on the bacterial viability was initially assessed. The isolates were divided into two categories: sensitive and resistant to GLD. For sensitive isolates, antibacterial activity of GLD was evaluated while for resistant strains, the ability of GLD for reducing the bacterial invasion of the HEp-2 cell line underwent an investigation. Results: Among the 43 Shigella isolates, GLD affected the growth of 23 strains. The invasion of 9 strains from the 20 remaining resistant isolates was unaffected. Although the number of isolates was less, the data suggested that isolates belonging to S. flexneri serogroup were more sensitive to GLD in comparison with other spp (i.e., sonnei, boydii, and dysenteriae). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed the efficacy of GLD against drug-resistant Shigella spp. and thus could be considered for the treatment of diarrhoea. GLD can be a cost-effective alternative to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antimycobacterial Potential of Mycobacteriophage Under Disease-Mimicking Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeswanth Chakravarthy Kalapala ◽  
Pallavi Raj Sharma ◽  
Rachit Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Antibiotic resistance continues to be a major global health risk with an increase in multi-drug resistant infections seen across nearly all bacterial diseases. Mycobacterial infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Tuberculosis infections have seen a significant increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections. With this increase in drug-resistant Mycobacteria, mycobacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative. However, a comprehensive study on the infection dynamics of mycobacteriophage against their host bacteria and the evolution of bacteriophage (phage) resistance in the bacteria remains elusive. We aim to study the infection dynamics of a phage cocktail against Mycobacteria under various pathophysiological conditions such as low pH, low growth rate and hypoxia. We show that mycobacteriophages are effective against M. smegmatis under various conditions and the phage cocktail prevents emergence of resistance for long durations. Although the phages are able to amplify after infection, the initial multiplicity of infection plays an important role in reducing the bacterial growth and prolonging efficacy. Mycobacteriophages are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium and show synergy with antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid. Finally, we also show that mycobacteriophages are efficient against M. tuberculosis both under lag and log phase for several weeks. These findings have important implications for developing phage therapy for Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (629) ◽  
pp. 1288-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Juul Egedesø ◽  
Casper Worm Hansen ◽  
Peter Sandholt Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Health Institution ◽  
Public Health Institution ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide and while treatable by antibiotics since the 1940s, drug resistant strains have emerged. This article estimates the effects of the establishment of a pre-antibiotic public health institution, known as a TB dispensary, designed to prevent the spread of the disease. Our annual difference-in-differences estimation reveals that the rollout of the dispensaries across Danish cities led to a 19% decline in the TB mortality rate, but no significant impacts on other diseases when performing placebo regressions. We next take advantage of the dispensaries explicit targeting on TB to setup a triple-differences model which exploits other diseases as controls and obtain a similar magnitude of the effect. As for the mechanism, the evidence highlights the dispensaries’ preventive actions, such as information provision. At an estimated cost as low as 68 dollars per saved life-year, this particular public-health institution was extraordinarily cost effective. Overall, our evidence suggests a policy for developing countries to combat drug resistant TB.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Guava tree (Psidium Guajava) leaf extract and selected Commercial Antibiotics on Bacterial isolates from Kisubi Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
David Serunjogi ◽  
Kizito Muwonge
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
The World ◽  
Guava Leaf ◽  
Tree Leaf

Background: Plant species such as the guava have been used in Uganda and elsewhere in the world to treat some of the medical conditions associated with bacteria, this is due to the increased number of drug resistant bacteria in the world. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of guava leaf extracts against some of the disease causing bacteria isolated from Kisubi hospital in Uganda is discussed. Methods: The guava leafs were collected from a plantation near Zika forest in Uganda (0°7′27″N 32°31′32″E / 0.12417°N 32.52556°E / 0.12417; 32.52556) and samples were put in a bag and transferred to the university laboratory where they were identified. The extracts were obtained by maceration using distilled water, 30%, 50% and 70 % methanol as the extraction solvents. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Results: Gram-negative Escherichia coli was sensitive to the plant extract and synthetic commercial drugs such as trimethoprim-sulfamethozole, ciprofloxacin, and Gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all drugs. Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus were all sensitive to the plant extracts with measurable inhibition zones. Conclusion: The Guava tree leaf crude extracts have antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria. More studies should be carried out to know the potency and the concentration of different plant origin extracts.

scholarly journals LAY USE OF AMAZONIAN PLANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine STOREY ◽  
Júlia Ignez SALEM
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Spilanthes Acmella ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Resistant Strains

The Brazilian State of Amazonas has a high incidence of Tuberculosis, 91.4 in 10,000 habitants (SESAU, 1994) and resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are frequently being found in the region (SALEM et.al, 1990). These problems have been associated with side effects caused by the antibiotics used to treat Tuberculosis, which have in rum been associated with treatment non-compliance (PATTISAPU, 1984). To resolve this problem a cost effective alternative treatment for Tuberculosis with few or no side effects, needs to be found. Amazonas has an abundance of plants, many of which are used by the lay population for medicinal purposes. A survey was carried out in five towns of the region, interviewing patients receiving treatment for Tuberculosis, to find out whether and which plants have been used to treat Tuberculosis. Results showed that the majority of patients in the sample had used medicinal plants before or after diagnosis of Tuberculoses. Thirteen different plants were recorded for this purpose. Chenopodium ambrosioides L, popularly known as Mastruz, was the most commonly used, followed by Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. Jucá and Spilanthes acmella DC. Jambu. This study concentrates on Mastruz as it was used more frequently than the other medicinal plants. No significant effects on baciloscopy test results were found when Mastruz was used before diagnosis. ln-vitro laboratory tests have also not shown any tuberculocidal effects for Mastruz. Further tests are being carried out on the other medicinal plants.

scholarly journals Rifabutin and Furazolidone Could Be the Candidates of the Rescue Regimen for Antibiotic-Resistant H. pylori in Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn I Choi ◽  
Sang-Ho Jeong ◽  
Jun-Won Chung ◽  
Dong Kyun Park ◽  
Kyoung Oh Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Asan Medical ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Reference Strains

Background/Aim. In Korea, the rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication has declined steadily as a result of increasing resistance to antibiotics, especially dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole. However, microbiological culture data on drug-resistant H. pylori is lacking. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of candidate antibiotics against resistant H. pylori strains. Methods. After retrospectively reviewing the data from the Helicobacter Registry in Gil Medical Center (GMC) and Asan Medical Center (AMC), along with 4 reference strains, we selected the 31 single- or multidrug-resistant strains. The susceptibility of the H. pylori strains to seven antibiotics (clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, rifabutin, and furazolidone) and minimum inhibitory concentration were tested using the broth microdilution technique. Results. Among 31 antibiotic resistance strains for H. pylori, there were no strains resistant to rifabutin or furazolidone, which had MICs of <0.008 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. Only one tetracycline-resistant strain was found (MIC < 2 μg/mL). Amoxicillin and levofloxacin were relatively less effective against the H. pylori strains compared to rifabutin or furazolidone (resistance rates 22.6%, 1.9%, respectively). Tetracycline showed the relatively low resistance rates (3.2%) for H. pylori strains. Conclusions. Therefore, along with tetracycline which has already been used as a component for second-line eradication regimen for Helicobacter, rifabutin and furazolidone, alone or in combination, could be used to eradicate antibiotic-resistant H. pylori strains where drug-resistant Helicobacter spp. are increasing.

scholarly journals Nosocomial klebsiellas: I. Colonization of hospitalized patients

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Haverkorn ◽  
M. F. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

SUMMARYThe colonization of patients byKlebsiellaand several other gram-negative bacteria was studied in a hospital urological ward over a period of six months. Before and during the survey there was no evidence of an outbreak of nosocomial infection and multi-drug resistant strains ofKlebsiellawere not isolated.Klebsiellawere biotyped by nine biochemical tests, which led to the detection of 66 biotypes spread uniformly throughout the survey period. This method of biotyping proved a useful epidemiological tool. The colonization rate of throats, hands, and faeces of patients increased after admission to the ward, especially when antibiotics were used. The effect of systemic antibiotics was greater than that of urinary antibiotics especially on throat and faeces carrier rates. Carrier rates forKlebsiellaincreased also after catheterization and operation – relationships which could well be multifactorial.During the first two weeks after admission the proportion of antibiotic resistant strains ofKlebsiellain carriers increased. The proportion of resistant strains amongst isolations from clinical infections was always greater than among strains isolated routinely from sites of carriage.

scholarly journals 1604. Cost-Effectiveness of Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Multi-Drug Resistant Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S797-S798
Author(s):  
Wesley Furnback ◽  
YiXi Chen ◽  
Peng Dong ◽  
Bruce Wang ◽  
Wajeeha Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background To estimate the cost-effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by multi-drug resistant enterobacteriaceae (MDRE) or MDR pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) in China. Methods A previously published patient-level simulation model was localized to China to estimate the cost-effectiveness of first-line CAZ-AVI compared to meropenem from a healthcare perspective. Patients flowed through the model which evaluates resistance status, response, and adverse events (AEs), which can all lead to a treatment switch. Second-line therapy of colistin plus high dose meropenem was used for both arms. Resistance rates were 0.7% (CAZ-AVI) and 7.6% (meropenem) for MDRE, and 10.7% (CAZ-AVI) and 35.5% (meropenem) for MDRPA. Effectiveness rates for CAZ-AVI and meropenem were based on a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. All cost data, including drugs, AEs, and hospitalization were localized to China. Utility values were based on response and sourced from the literature. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5% over the five year time horizon. Results At a cost-effectiveness threshold of three-times GDP per capita, CAZ-AVI was cost-effective compared to meropenem for HAP/VAP caused by both MDRE and MDRPA with ICERs of ¥147,500 and ¥30,496, respectively. Specifically, CAZ-AVI had ¥13,699 and 0.09 additional total costs and QALYs, respectively, within MDRE; ¥5,207 and 0.17 additional total costs and QALYs, respectively, within MDRPA. Length of stay was reduced by 0.65 days and 1.37 in the CAZ-AVI arms of the MDRE and MDRPA analyses, respectively. Conclusion CAZ-AVI is a cost-effective alternative to meropenem in the treatment of HAP/VAP caused by MDRE or MDRPA in China. Disclosures Wesley Furnback, BA, Pfizer (Consultant) YiXi Chen, MSc, Pfizer (Employee) Peng Dong, PhD, Pfizer (Employee) Bruce Wang, PhD, Pfizer (Consultant) Wajeeha Ansari, MSc, Pfizer (Employee) Claudie Charbonneau, PhD, Pfizer (Employee) Hengjing Dong, MD, Pfizer (Other Financial or Material Support, Honorarium)

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of a repurposed harmine-derived compound on extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Breine ◽  
Megane Van Gysel ◽  
Mathias Elsocht ◽  
Clemence Whiteway ◽  
Chantal Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Degree

Synopsis Objectives: The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria is an important threat for human healthcare. Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria impose one of the major issues, as multidrug- to pandrug-resistant strains have been found, rendering some infections untreatable. In addition, A. baumannii is a champion in surviving in harsh environments, being capable of resisting to disinfectants and to persist prolonged periods of desiccation. Due to the high degree of variability found in A. baumannii isolates, the search for new antibacterials is challenging. Here, we screened a compound library to identify compounds active against recent isolates of A. baumannii bacteria. Methods: A repurposing drug screen was undertaken to identify A. baumannii growth inhibitors. One hit was further characterized by determining its IC50 and testing its activity on 43 recent clinical A. baumannii isolates, amongst which 40 are extensively drug- and carbapenem-resistant strains. Results: The repurposing screen led to the identification of a harmine-derived compound, called HDC1, which proved to have bactericidal activity on the multidrug-resistant AB5075-VUB reference strain with an IC50 of 48.23 [mu]M. In addition, HDC1 impairs growth of all 43 recent clinical A. baumannii isolates. Conclusions: We identified a compound with inhibitory activity on all tested, extensively drug-resistant clinical A. baumannii isolates.

scholarly journals Antimycobacterial potential of Mycobacteriophage under disease-mimicking conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeswanth Chakravarthy Kalapala ◽  
Pallavi Raj Sharma ◽  
Rachit Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractAntibiotic resistance continues to be a major global health risk with an increase in multi-drug resistant infections seen across nearly all bacterial diseases. Mycobacterial infections such as Tuberculosis (TB) and Non-Tuberculosis infections have seen a significant increase in the incidence of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant infections. With this increase in drug-resistant Mycobacteria, mycobacteriophage therapy offers a promising alternative. However, a comprehensive study on the infection dynamics of mycobacteriophage against their host bacteria and the evolution of bacteriophage (phage) resistance in the bacteria remains elusive. We aim to study the infection dynamics of a phage cocktail against Mycobacteria under various pathophysiological conditions such as low pH, low growth rate and hypoxia. We show that mycobacteriophages are effective against M. smegmatis under various conditions and the phage cocktail prevents emergence of resistance for long durations. Although the phages are able to amplify after infection, the initial multiplicity of infection plays an important role in reducing the bacterial growth and prolonging efficacy. Mycobacteriophages are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of Mycobacterium and show synergy with antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid. Finally, we also show that mycobacteriophages are efficient against M. tuberculosis both under lag and log phase for several weeks. These findings have important implications for developing phage therapy for Mycobacterium.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Guava tree (Psidium Guajava) leaf extract and selected Commercial Antibiotics on Bacterial isolates from Kisubi Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
David Serunjogi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
The World ◽  
Guava Leaf ◽  
Tree Leaf

Abstract Background: Plant species such as the guava have been used in Uganda and elsewhere in the world to treat some of the medical conditions associated with bacteria, this is due to the increased number of drug resistant bacteria in the world. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of guava leaf extracts against some of the disease causing bacteria isolated from Kisubi hospital in Uganda is discussed. Methods: The guava leafs were collected from a plantation near Zika forest in Uganda (0°7′27″N 32°31′32″E / 0.12417°N 32.52556°E / 0.12417; 32.52556) and samples were put in a bag and transferred to the university laboratory where they were identified. The extracts were obtained by maceration using distilled water, 30%, 50% and 70 % methanol as the extraction solvents. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Results: Gram-negative Escherichia coli was sensitive to the plant extract and synthetic commercial drugs such as trimethoprim-sulfamethozole, ciprofloxacin, and Gentamicin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all drugs. Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus were all sensitive to the plant extracts with measurable inhibition zones. Conclusion: The Guava tree leaf crude extracts have antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria. More studies should be carried out to know the potency and the concentration of different plant origin extracts.

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