scholarly journals MAIZE CULTIVATION IN SERBIA: А HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-279
Author(s):  
Gorgana Garić Petrović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper discusses the adoption and spread of maize cultivation in the territory of present-day Serbia. A hundred years had passed from the first mention of maize growing to the moment when maize became the second most important cereal grain, and in some parts of the country the most important. The adoption of maize production was profound and lasting. It changed the basic nutrition of the majority of the population. By the end of the 19th century, maize fields represented 31 percent of cultivated land in Serbia. Increased production of maize resulted in surpluses and export.

scholarly journals Cleft lip: The historical perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S4-S8
Author(s):  
S. Bhattacharya ◽  
V. Khanna ◽  
R. Kohli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Wedge Resection ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
Bilateral Cleft Lip ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Two Sides

ABSTRACTThe earliest documented history of cleft lip is based on a combination of religion, superstition, invention and charlatanism. While Greeks ignored their existence, Spartans and Romans would kill these children as they were considered to harbour evil spirits. When saner senses prevailed Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1537–1619) was the first to suggest the embryological basis of these clefts. The knowledge of cleft lip and the surgical correction received a big boost during the period between the Renaissance and the 19th century with the publication of Pierre Franco's Petit Traité and Traité des Hernies in which he described the condition as “lièvre fendu de nativitè” (cleft lip present from birth). The first documented Cleft lip surgery is from China in 390 BC in an 18 year old would be soldier, Wey Young-Chi. Albucasis of Arabia and his fellow surgeons used the cautery instead of the scalpel and Yperman in 1854 recommended scarifying the margins with a scalpel before suturing them with a triangular needle dipped in wax. The repair was reinforced by passing a long needle through the two sides of the lip and fixing the shaft of the needle with a figure-of-eight thread over the lip. Germanicus Mirault can be credited to be the originator of the triangular flap which was later modified by C.W. Tennison in 1952 and Peter Randall in 1959. In the late 50s, Ralph Millard gave us his legendary ‘cut as you go’ technique. The protruding premaxilla of a bilateral cleft lip too has seen many changes throughout the ages OE from being discarded totally to being pushed back by wedge resection of vomer to finally being left to the orthodontists.

scholarly journals Potato growing in the Faroe Islands in 19th century

2015 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Erling Isholm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Seed Potatoes ◽  
Peasant Society ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Limited Supply ◽  
The 19Th Century

The potato became an important crop in the Faroe Islands early in the 19th century and subsequently vital in the 1820s and 1830s, when crofters started to enclose and cultivate small plots of land. These plots of land were crucial in ensuring population growth and in extending cultivated land. Local officials followed these events closely. During the 1830s problems emerged concerning the quality of seed potatoes and the limited supply, problems which only intensified as time passed. Concern was raised by one sheriff that difficulties in finding new seeds would prevent the expanding cultivation, whilst others worried that the deterioration in seed quality would result in a decline in growth, thus jeopardizing the livelihood of crofters. In this article the story of seed potatoes purchased by governor Pløyen in Orkney in 1839 is followed. The point being made is that by acquiring these seed potatoes the authorities ensured that the progress of the previous 20 years continued. Furthermore, the purchasing of a shipment of seed potatoes is linked to other modernization plans for Faroese society, which governor Pløyen and others worked on at the time. For these plans to succeed, it was vital to ensure the living conditions of the crofter families as change would not emerge from the old peasant society.

scholarly journals Sistemas de bajo coste en levantamiento y restitución virtual. El caso del Palauet Nolla de Meliana

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Xavier Laumain ◽  
Angela López Sabater ◽  
Jorge Ríos Alós ◽  
Carlos Huerta Gabarda
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Real Scale

<p>In the middle of the 19th Century appears in Meliana (Valencia) a tile mosaic factory which will play a preponderant paper in the spanish Industrialization History. Over there, wrapped up by a vast group of industrial premises, we stays the Palauet Nolla, an emblematic building, decorated with the most exquisites compositions that the product which went out from the melianars hovens allowed. This palace, converted as a real scale showroom, has witnessed the visits of the most distinguished personages of the moment, as the King Amadeo I of Saboya, the Romanov Family, o illustrious intellectuals and artists. The study in course pretends providing a complete information about this historic and artistic monument, being its entire virtual restitution one of the most notable and eye-ctching element.</p>

scholarly journals Praca, robotnicy, archiwa, fotografia — utrwalanie stereotypów i walka o emancypację

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-221
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ferenc
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Digital Repository ◽  
The Third ◽  
Working People ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Control ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Tool

Work, workers, and workers’ living conditions quickly became a field of interest for photographers. Already by the middle of the 19th century there were photographs showing working people. Nevertheless, the contexts in which such photographs were taken varied considerably. The first part of this article presents, in the historical perspective, the different causes and strategies involved in making these types of documents, up to the moment when photographs began to appear that had been made by workers themselves. The movement to photograph workers, which developed in the first decades of the 20th century, is recalled in the second part of the article (using the examples of the Weimar Republic and Soviet Russia). The third part is devoted to photographic projects whose purpose was to increase the productivity of, and control over, workers. Photography is presented as a scientific tool for measuring movement and as an illustration of the most effective manners of organizing work. At the end, the Digital Repository of Worker Photography is described, as an example of work on a collection of photos and the creation of a platform permitting further work, but also as a legal and methodological problem.

Governmentality, Curriculum Policies, and Citizenship Education

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-301
Author(s):  
Jesús Romero ◽  
Marta Estellés
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Curriculum Policies ◽  
The 19Th Century

Citizenship education has received increasing attention in recent decades. After its inclusion in the agenda of international organizations and European institutions, many studies and academic debates have taken place. Despite their undoubted merits, a significant portion of that literature has not sufficiently discussed its starting presuppositions. It has often introduced citizenship education as if it were a novelty. That presentism has had a dangerous effect: the ease with which some ways of thinking and talking about citizenship education have been naturalized. Precisely for that reason, a historical perspective is essential: It helps us distance ourselves from our own frame of reference to question what is usually taken for granted by analyzing the changes in the tacit knowledge systems. In this chapter, the authors try to illustrate this by examining the main tendencies that have introduced citizenship education in national curricula during the two key cycles of socio-institutional restructuring experienced by Western countries since the end of the 19th century.

In medias res – the mediation conundrum

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mateus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Medium Theory ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractIt was not until the emergence, in the 19th century, of new technical devices – such as the telegraph and the phonograph – that the term medius came to serve as a collective noun (media) for advanced communication technologies. Although mediation is extensively theorized in philosophy and sociology, and is approached by medium theory and media studies, the concept remains undertheorized in the field of communication theory.By exploring the problem of mediation and by challenging its representationalist and transmissive accounts, this paper posits mediation beyond the medium. It traces mediation as a relational principle which can be best understood as modulation involving inherent translation, inflection and movement. Mediation is not a simple transportation of meaning through a passive intermediary. It is not just something which stands or comes between things otherwise separated or opposed. Mediation is neither a middle-thing linking separate entities, nor do things get mediated: They are already forms of mediation. Mediation is, foremost, a connecting mean that generates modified experiences and relations, a modulating process that re-connects at the moment it separates.

Consequences of changing expectations to law and its institutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 461-486
Author(s):  
Sören Koch
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Power ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Appellate Courts ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the reasons for and effects of the establishment of appellate courts in Norway. Based on the assumption that the introduction of an appellate system was caused by – and at the same time produced – expectations of law, the author reconstructs central features of the Norwegian legal order and its surrounding legal culture. By especially looking at the crucial role of the legal office of the lawman (lagmann), both in the development of the judicature in general and especially in the courts of appeal, the legacy of the medieval popular assembly (þing / ting) is traced back to its historical roots. The author identifies a close relationship between the increasing influence of state power, the demand for an effective judiciary and prevailing ideals of justice. The result was a not always intended but continuous professionalisation of the judges until the 19th century. The introduction of a jury – consisting of lay judges – appears on this background as aberration. However, as expectations on law had changed, the participation of lay judges had become a political desire in Norway from approximately 1830. To support this political claim the judiciary was restructured by applying a deeply unhistorical perception of the judiciary’s historical roots. Due to contradicting political tendencies it took about 60 years to finally establish the jury-system. Despite the fact that the institution of the jury was constantly criticized by legal scientists and legal practitioners alike and despite losing its political backing already decades ago, it still continues to exist. Obviously, the romantic notion of folks-courts still has not lost its attraction jet. The paper demonstrates that this notion is – seen from a historical perspective – unsustainable.


Chinese urban language in historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-171
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Social Accommodation ◽  
Urban Language ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Vast Territory

Abstract Three contemporaneous descriptions of Guānhuà from the beginning of the 19th century collectively provide a rich and evocative representation that contains a trove of details regarding the nature of that koine and its relationship to Mandarin and local dialects in the urban linguistic milieu of the late Qīng. The descriptions are those of Gāo Jìngtíng (fl. 1800–1810), Lǐ Rǔzhēn (c. 1763–1830), and Robert Morrison (1782–1834). We find that all three note the existence of two forms of Guānhuà, a northern type, and a southern type. The three authors all present a mix of northern and southern types in their descriptions, though each also gives greater prominence to the southern type. This southern type has a close connection to the southern Jiāng-Huái Mandarin dialects, and takes the dialect of Nánjīng as a primary representative. In overall perspective, these three authors’ descriptions also reveal there was widespread acceptance of, and social accommodation for, linguistic diversity in Qīng China, within which Guānhuà served as the lingua franca that promoted easy communication across China’s vast territory.

The Equation of Motion and Energy Equation for Particles: A Historical Perspective (Keynote)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathios E. Michaelides
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Force ◽  
Equation Of Motion ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Momentum Exchange ◽  
Energy And Momentum ◽  
The 19Th Century

Energy and momentum exchange between spherical particles and a fluid is a fundamental problem that has excited the intellectual curiosity of many scientists for more than two centuries. The development of the energy equation of spherical particles in a fluid can be traced back to the work of Laplace and Fourier that appeared early in the 19th century. It is now little known that Peclet formulated the no-slip condition at a solid boundary, by observing the transfer of heat, approximately ten years before the concept of viscosity was conceived. Towards the middle of the 19th century Poison derived the hydrodynamic force on a sphere in an inviscid fluid and a few years later, Stokes formulated what is now known “the Stokes drag” for the steady-state hydrodynamic force acting on a spherical particle in a viscous fluid. Boussinesq and Basset developed a form for the transient equation of motion of the particles with very low inertia towards the end of the 19th century. The mathematical advances of the early 20th century are reflected in developments in mechanics and on the equation of motion of particles. Oseen and Faxen used asymptotic methods to derive improved our knowledge on the behavior of particles with inertia and in close proximity to boundaries. Experimentation contributed very useful correlations on the hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles. The experimentally derived data helped also in the development of semiempirical equations for the transient hydrodynamic force. Regular and singular perturbation methods have been used more recently to derive expressions for the transient hydrodynamic force and the heat transfer from particles during time-dependent processes, both under creeping flow conditions and at low Reynolds or Peclet numbers. The recent advances on computational methods and the exponential increase in computer power enable us to simulate the motion and energy exchange of groups of particles and complex particle interactions. This presentation gives a historical perspective on the development of our knowledge on particle motion and heat transfer inside a viscous or conducting fluid. Emphasis is given on the exposition of the lesser-known works of the 19th century that have placed the foundation for many concepts and methods that are still used today. The presentation concludes with the most recent contributions of the numerical studies and a short exposition of the voids in our knowledge on energy and momentum exchange processes between particles and a fluid.

scholarly journals Problem obcości: opozycja Rosja–Europa w kulturze rosyjskiej (XI–XIX w.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Marek Jedliński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article analyzes the historical perspective of the formation of the opposition “friend or foe” in the Russian culture from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Binary thinking has a universal dimension: it is present in every culture, particularly in traditional societies (in this case it is the opposition Russia–Europe). Hostility towards strangers is already noticeable in the Ruthenian tribes. The outsiders were seen as savages, as animals, and even as evil forces. It relates to the perception of the symbolic center of the world.  It is recognizable in the work of Hilarion and the concept of Moscow as the Third Rome.

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