A door opening from Syria to Turkey; migration and the process of social acceptance and accommodation: Hatay and Karabuk provinces

This descriptive, cross-sectional study administered a questionnaire to 616 Syrian refuges, evaluating the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and their views on the processes associated with social acceptance and cultural and social accommodation. The problems encountered among Syrian refuges after migration included expensive housing costs, language problems, difficulties making a living and education problems. Various problems were identified among subgroups, associated with working life and cultural differences. However, according to this study, Syrian refugees believed that the processes of social acceptance and the social accommodation of refugees by local populations had begun.

Chinese urban language in historical perspective

Three contemporaneous descriptions of Guānhuà from the beginning of the 19th century collectively provide a rich and evocative representation that contains a trove of details regarding the nature of that koine and its relationship to Mandarin and local dialects in the urban linguistic milieu of the late Qīng. The descriptions are those of Gāo Jìngtíng (fl. 1800–1810), Lǐ Rǔzhēn (c. 1763–1830), and Robert Morrison (1782–1834). We find that all three note the existence of two forms of Guānhuà, a northern type, and a southern type. The three authors all present a mix of northern and southern types in their descriptions, though each also gives greater prominence to the southern type. This southern type has a close connection to the southern Jiāng-Huái Mandarin dialects, and takes the dialect of Nánjīng as a primary representative. In overall perspective, these three authors’ descriptions also reveal there was widespread acceptance of, and social accommodation for, linguistic diversity in Qīng China, within which Guānhuà served as the lingua franca that promoted easy communication across China’s vast territory.

Cannabis Normalization Among Young Adults in a Nigerian City

Drug normalization has been researched extensively in the West. Yet, we know little about how drug use is normalized in non-Western contexts. Drawing on interviews with young adults, this study is the first to explore illicit drug normalization in Nigeria. Cannabis was widely available and easy to access and students were part of the supply chain. Citing therapeutic and functional benefits, participants normalized cannabis consumption, using it to prepare soup, noodles, and birthday cakes. Unlike women, who may give up cannabis use due to stigmatization and marriage, men had no plans to stop its use. Gender determined drug-taking practices and social accommodation of drug users, suggesting differentiated normalization. Men who used cannabis were accommodated by their peers, unlike women, who were stigmatized by female non-users. In general, the findings highlight a shift in illicit drug use practices and noticeable gendered and differentiated social accommodation among peers, although cultural acceptance of illegal recreational drugs remains at the margin.

Deviant Christians: Romanization and Esoterization as Social Strategies for Survival Among Early Christians

This paper explores the relationship between deviance and esotericism, particularly as this relationship relates to the emergence of new religious movements and the processes of social accommodation and resistance. Applying sociological models for the study of deviance, I show how emergent Catholics use a variety of accommodation strategies to better fit into Roman religious expectations, constructing a public face to their worship along with ancestral ties. As they do this, the emergent Catholics dissociate themselves from other Christians, like groups with gnostic orientations, whom they have marked as different from themselves and a liability for the survival of Christianity. They begin to argue that these “other” Christians are the deviant ones, not themselves. Their willingness to Romanize certain aspects of their religion reduces the tensile relationship between their new religion and the surrounding society, increasing their ability to attract and maintain new recruits. To make matters more complicated, gnostic groups largely resist accommodation to Roman religious expectations, a strategy that powers their countercultural critique of the hegemony of Rome. They esoterize their groups by privatizing and converting their deviance into secret social capital. The choice to maintain their deviance by limiting access to their internal social networks affects their ability to recruit, grow, and sustain their communities in the long term. The social politics of deviance goes a long way to explain the rise of Catholicism and its domination over other forms of Christianity.

PETIK LAUT: Social-Ideological Accommodation in the Fishermen Community of Kedungrejo Muncar Banyuwangi

This research aims to showing how accommodating the differences of two traditions ideologically and socially can create tolerance and peace in a plural society. The plurality of Muncar such ethnicity, religion, culture and class-economy could protect the conflict. They more choose the public interest than personal interest. The social reality of Muncar is showing with ritual Petik Laut which combines between Islamic and Osing tradition. Cosmologically both of them are different, Islam believes in the singular God and the Osing believes in the plural God. The main problem of this research is how the ideological and social accommodation between the Islamic and Osing tradition can work. So my conceptual framework of research that syncretism is the accommodation of differences which can create society to be peaceful. And the ritual collective is the combining media of how the differences because the ritual has the collective goal which is reached by society as the actors.This research shows that the differences of religion and ideology in the multi-ethnical and cultural society have potentials for conflict. But the conflict can be protected by involving the social agents of society like santri and kejawen in order to avoid riot. The ideological problem is significant and sensitive and it is easy to create raise strong emotions among the fishermen. The wrong interpretation of ideology can be fatal. However the coastal society generally is known as less temperamental and open-minded person and permissive for the religious and ideological plurality. Their attitudes which want to show ‘dignity’ (jati diri) are the characteristic of the coastal society. This attitude manifests in the petik laut ritual by involving the symbols of religions, cultures and ethnicities in Kedungrejo.The Kedungrejo society majority is Islam but they believe in Ratu Reja Mina as the fish Queen although it is the Osing belief. The honor for the Sayid Yusuf as the historical figure of the Petik Laut history is done together by them. These beliefs complete the Islamic belief for Prophet Hidir. The coastal cosmology of Kedungrejo is the result of accommodating between Islam and Osing. So it became the local ideology which can avoid the conflict. Because left one of two ideologies can create the ideological conflict in society. They are still doing the process for the survival society life peacefully although they have the different interpretation about ritual petik laut. The conflict of economy as the consequence of the work system between jaragan and pandiga, and the environmental conflict between fabric and society can assimilate in this ritual because the social function of petik laut can accommodate all of the elements of society even religion to include in this ritual. So the person who has the certain conflict became the ritual as the mediation for building up the social cohesion (silaturohmi) among the fishermen community, religious institution and the organization of the pesantren’s alumni. From the social accommodation, the social cohesion came back to unity so that peace can return to Kedungrejo.

ISLAM, OSING DALAM BINGKAI TRADISI DAN KOSMOLOGI: Studi Nelayan Kedungrejo-Banyuwangi

This study aims to demonstrate how the accommodation of two different traditions in term of ideology and social that can be create tolerance and peace in society. A primary issue of this study is how the ideology and social accommodation take place between Islamic tradition and Osing.It is comprised in this research questions:1.How does the Islamic Tradition in the coastal of Kedungrejo village?2. How is the development of culture and tradition of Osing in Kedungrejo village? 3. How is the development of accommodation, tradition and ideology among fishermen in Kedungrejo village which will be the frame of cosmology?This study shows that ideology is a significant problem for the coastal societyare easily ignited emotions, misinterpretation and and do something fatal.However, coastal society generally known as a rampart and open minded society, still permissive to the diversity of religions and ideologies.The attitude that always wanted to show the 'personal identity' is the one characteristic of coastal society.Osing as original tradition in Banyuwangi still provide color on fishermen appreciation for nature.So the accommodation between tradition and ideology bring forth cosmology of coastal societyin Kedungrejo village as a result of the accommodation between Islam and Osing become the local ideology that able to reduce conflicts