scholarly journals TO CALCULATION OF THE OPTIMAL DEGREE OF DAMAGE TO A BUILDING BY SEISMIC IMPACT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Д. Абакаров ◽  
И.Б. Курбанов ◽  
Р.Г. Гасанов
Keyword(s):  
Transition Process ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Optimal Degree ◽  
Optimization Calculation ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
Degree Of Damage ◽  
Seismic Impact ◽  
Economic Objective

Дана постановка задачи по расчету оптимальной степени поврждения здания при сейсмическом воздействии. Условие оптимизационного расчета записано в виде вероятностно-экономической целевой функции, где начальные затраты на антисейсмическое усиление здания уравновешиваются с вероятностыми потерями, связанными с наступлением той или иной степени повреждения здания. Вероятность безотказности здания, соответствующая данному уравновешенному состоянию, названа оптимальной надежностью, а степень повреждения - оптимальной степенью повреждения. Всего в соответствии со шкалой MSK-64 рассмотрены 5 степеней повреждения. Последовательности переходов из одних состояний повреждения в другие представлены в виде простейшего Марковского потока с непрерывным временем и дискретными состояниями. Составлены дифференциальные уравнения процесса переходов и представлены их общие решения. В случае если последствия наступленияопределенной степени повреждения здания носят как экономический, так и неэкономическией характер, предложено, исходя из зависимости расчета экономических потерь и затрат от повышения надежности до высоких уровней и показателя нормативного уровня надежности здания, определенного по предлагаемому в литературе выражению, принять решения о допустимой степени повреждения здания. The problem statement is given for calculating the optimal degree of damage to a building under seismic impact. The condition of the optimization calculation is written in the form of a probabilistic-economic objective function, where the initial costs for antiseismic strengthening of the building are balanced with the probabilistic losses associated with the onset of one or another degree of damage to the building. The probability of a building's reliability, corresponding to a given balanced state, is called the optimal reliability, and the degree of damage is called the optimal degree of damage. In total, in accordance with the MSK-64 scale, 5 degrees of damage are considered. Sequences of transitions from one damage state to another are presented in the form of the simplest Markov flow with continuous time and discrete states. Differential equations of the transition process are compiled and their general solutions are presented. If the consequences of the onset of a certain degree of damage to the building are both economic and non-economic in nature, it is proposed, based on the dependence of the calculation of economic losses and costs from increasing reliability to high levels and the indicator of the standard level of building reliability, determined according to the expression proposed in the literature, to make decisions on permissible degree of damage to the building.

Simplified Expression for Seismic Fragility Estimation of Sliding-Dominated Equipment and Contents

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara C. Hutchinson ◽  
Samit Ray Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
Seismic Fragility ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Distribution Profile ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Fragility Function ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Damage to small equipment and contents during seismic events has gained considerable attention following recent earthquakes, largely due to the potential for operational downtime, which results in significant economic losses. The estimation of losses from this interior building damage is a daunting task, due to the complexity of types of equipment and the randomness of their location within the structure. Nonetheless, a precursor to calculating such losses is a reasonable association between structural and nonstructural (equipment or contents) demands. Cast in a probabilistic framework, such an association is best represented through the use of seismic fragility curves, where the probabilities of exceeding a given damage state is correlated with an input parameter. In this paper, analytically developed seismic fragility curves for various unattached equipment and contents are calculated and presented. The emphasis of the study is on rigid scientific equipment and contents, which are often placed on the surface of ceramic laboratory benches in science laboratories or other buildings. Only uniaxial seismic excitation is considered to provide insight into the form of the fragility function. Generalized fragility curves are then developed and a simple expression is presented, which is envisioned to be very useful from a design perspective. The usefulness of the proposed expression is illustrated via a simple numerical example coupled with a design code-specified horizontal acceleration distribution profile for an example building structure.

Direct and Indirect Economic Losses from Earthquake Damage

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Brookshire ◽  
Stephanie E. Chang ◽  
Hal Cochrane ◽  
Robert A. Olson ◽  
Adam Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ripple Effects ◽  
Scenario Earthquakes ◽  
Earthquake Loss ◽  
Actual Damage ◽  
Business Interruption

Earthquakes generate a variety of economic impacts. To obtain a consistent measure, the actual damage state must be linked to the dollar losses of the capital stock, and then translated into direct business interruption losses and the ensuing ripple effects that occur throughout the economy. The Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology (HAZUS) facilitates a consistent set of loss estimations. The direct loss module of HAZUS calculates loss estimates for repair and replacement of building stock (structural and nonstructural), building contents and inventory, and business interruption losses. The direct losses information provides the inputs to the indirect loss module. The indirect loss module estimates the impacts by economic sectors over time and accounts for both earthquake-induced supply shortages and demand reductions. The results of a case study are presented that focus on the economic impacts of various scenario earthquakes that might occur in the Boston metropolitan area.

Seismic Vulnerability of Wine Barrel Stacks

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 2495-2511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Candia ◽  
Miguel Jaimes ◽  
Cesar Arredondo ◽  
Juan Carlos de la Llera ◽  
Philomène Favier
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Base Isolation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Recent earthquakes have shown that wine barrel stacks are highly susceptible to collapse, leading to large economic losses, downtime, and longer recovery periods. This study presents a methodology using a probabilistic approach for estimating the fragility functions and economic losses in barrel stacks. The seismic response of these systems was determined from the dynamic equilibrium equations that describe the position and orientation of each element. The analysis considered ground motions scaled at different intensity levels and different barrel stack configurations; the simulations enabled reproducing the most common collapse mechanisms observed in the field and in shaking table experiments. From a statistical analysis of the results, vulnerability functions were evaluated as the probability of being within a specific damage state for a given ground motion intensity. Additional numerical simulations were performed to study the effects of the inherent uncertainty of the interface parameters controlling the dynamic response and collapse sequence of the barrel stacks. Furthermore, this methodology was used to evaluate the impact effect and improvement of a base isolation solution as a damage mitigation measure.

scholarly journals Typological Damage Fragility Curves for Unreinforced Masonry Buildings affected by the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-134
Author(s):  
Maria Zucconi ◽  
Rachele Ferlito ◽  
Luigi Sorrentino
Keyword(s):  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Ground Acceleration

Background: Seismic risk mitigation has become a crucial issue due to the great number of casualties and large economic losses registered after recent earthquakes. In particular, unreinforced masonry constructions built before modern seismic codes, common in Italy and in other seismic-prone areas, are characterized by great vulnerability. In order to implement mitigation policies, analytical tools are necessary to generate scenario simulations. Methods: Therefore, data collected during inspections after the 2009 L’Aquila, Italy earthquake are used to derive novel fragility functions. Compared to previous studies, data are interpreted accounting for the presence of buildings not inspected due to those being undamaged. An innovative building damage state is proposed and is based on the response of different structural elements recorded in the survey form: vertical structures, horizontal structures, stairs, roof, and partition walls. In the suggested formulation, the combination of their performance is weighted based on typical reparation techniques and on the relative size of the structural elements, estimated from a database of complete geometrical surveys developed specifically for this study. Moreover, the proposed building damage state estimates earthquake-related damage by removing the preexisting damage reported in the inspection form. Results: Lognormal fragility curves, in terms of building damage state grade as a function of typological classes and peak ground acceleration, derived maximizing their likelihood and their merits compared with previous studies are highlighted. Conclusion: The correction of the database to account for uninspected buildings delivers curves that are less “stiff” and reach the median for lower peak ground acceleration values. The building feature that influences most the fragility is the masonry quality.

The Microscopy of Compatibility and Incompatibility in Ulmus

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
B. L. Redmond ◽  
Christopher F. Bob
Keyword(s):  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Chinese Elm

The American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) has been plagued by Dutch Elm Disease (DED), a lethal disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) c. Moreau. Since its initial appearance in North America around 1930, DED has wrought inexorable devastation on the American elm population, triggering both environmental and economic losses. In response to the havoc caused by the disease, many attempts have been made to hybridize U. americana with a few ornamentally less desirable, though highly DED resistant, Asian species (mainly the Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., and the Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). The goal is to develop, through breeding efforts, hybrid progeny that display the ornamentally desirable characteristics of U. americana with the disease resistance of the Asian species. Unfortunately, however, all attempts to hybridize U. americana have been prevented by incompatibility. Only through a firm understanding of both compatibility and incompatibility will it be possible to circumvent the incompatibility and hence achieve hybridization.

A view at the Russian economic transformation

2018 ◽  
pp. 142-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Baranov ◽  
V. A. Bessonov
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Qualitative Level ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

The transition of the Russian economy from plan to market is considered at a qualitative level. The analysis of economic dynamics in the transformation paradigm is conducted. The main stages of the transition process are discussed. Bonuses and costs due to the transition to market economy are considered. The reasons for the outstripping growth of well-being as compared to the growth of output are discussed. The signs of exhaustion of the potential of factors ensuring an abnormally high rate of recovery and accompanying welfare growth are discussed. The conclusion is made that the transformational recovery has been completed. The Russian economy has moved to the stage of development with relatively low growth rates of output and welfare, typical for stable (nontransition) economies.

Evaluation of acaricides against false spider mite, Tenuipalpus aboharensis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), a pest of pomegranate

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yosof Amini ◽  
Ahamad Shah Mohammadi ◽  
Srinivasa N ◽  
Onkarappa S
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
False Spider Mites ◽  
False Spider ◽  
False Spider Mite

False spider mites are serious pests of pomegranate and frequently cause considerable economic losses in other fruit crops as well. A field experiment conducted to evaluate eleven acaricides against Tenuipalpus aboharensis infesting pomegranate plants, revealed that wettable sulphur at 2.5 g and dicofol at 2.5 ml per litre were very effective and other acaricides viz. propargite, fenpyroximate, chlorfenapyr and buprofezin were also found effective against T. aboharensis.

Scientific Knowledge in Sociology: Problem Statement

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Gennady V. Kanygin ◽  
Maria S. Poltinnikova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Hidden Knowledge ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The article opens a cycle of publications, which analyze the similarities and differences between the two wide spread modern approaches to the description of society - sociological and informational ones. Both approaches have the same methodological problem to be solved. The problem of expressing hidden knowledge about society that participants in social processes operate with the help of natural language in the course of social communication. In order to harmonize sociological and informational approaches of describing society, it was proposed any natural language statements involved in describing society to be arranged according to the basic principle of information technology - modularity. The proposed way of harmonizing informational and sociological methods of building knowledge about society is invoked by the need to solve two scientific problems formulated in sociology itself - the constructability of social objects and the complexity of social relationships. The paper's methodological proposals are embodied in their computer realization, which practical application is demonstrated in other publications of the authors.

Vibrio harveyi virulence gene expression in vitro and in vivo during infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
S Peeralil ◽  
TC Joseph ◽  
V Murugadas ◽  
PG Akhilnath ◽  
VN Sreejith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression

Luminescent Vibrio harveyi is common in sea and estuarine waters. It produces several virulence factors and negatively affects larval penaeid shrimp in hatcheries, resulting in severe economic losses to shrimp aquaculture. Although V. harveyi is an important pathogen of shrimp, its pathogenicity mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, isolates of V. harveyi were isolated and characterized from diseased Penaeus monodon postlarvae from hatcheries in Kerala, India, from September to December 2016. All 23 tested isolates were positive for lipase, phospholipase, caseinase, gelatinase and chitinase activity, and 3 of the isolates (MFB32, MFB71 and MFB68) showed potential for significant biofilm formation. Based on the presence of virulence genes, the isolates of V. harveyi were grouped into 6 genotypes, predominated by vhpA+ flaB+ ser+ vhh1- luxR+ vopD- vcrD+ vscN-. One isolate from each genotype was randomly selected for in vivo virulence experiments, and the LD50 ranged from 1.7 ± 0.5 × 103 to 4.1 ± 0.1 × 105 CFU ml-1. The expression of genes during the infection in postlarvae was high in 2 of the isolates (MFB12 and MFB32), consistent with the result of the challenge test. However, in MFB19, even though all genes tested were present, their expression level was very low and likely contributed to its lack of virulence. Because of the significant variation in gene expression, the presence of virulence genes alone cannot be used as a marker for pathogenicity of V. harveyi.

Fertiliser evenness - losses and costs: A study on the economic benefits of uniform applications of fertiliser

1999 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Horrell ◽  
A.K. Metherell ◽  
S. Ford ◽  
C. Doscher
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops

Over two million tonnes of fertiliser are applied to New Zealand pastures and crops annually and there is an increasing desire by farmers to ensure that the best possible economic return is gained from this investment. Spreading distribution measurements undertaken by Lincoln Ventures Ltd (LVL) have identified large variations in the evenness of fertiliser application by spreading machines which could lead to a failure to achieve optimum potential in some crop yields and to significant associated economic losses. To quantify these losses, a study was undertaken to calculate the effect of uneven fertiliser application on crop yield. From LVL's spreader database, spread patterns from many machines were categorised by spread pattern type and by coefficient of variation (CV). These patterns were then used to calculate yield losses when they were combined with the response data from five representative cropping and pastoral situations. Nitrogen fertiliser on ryegrass seed crops shows significant production losses at a spread pattern CV between 30% and 40%. For P and S on pasture, the cumulative effect of uneven spreading accrues, until there is significant economic loss occurring by year 3 for both the Waikato dairy and Southland sheep and beef systems at CV values between 30% and 40%. For nitrogen on pasture, significant loss in a dairy system occurs at a CV of approximately 40% whereas for a sheep and beef system it is at a CV of 50%, where the financial return from nitrogen application has been calculated at the average gross revenue of the farming system. The conclusion of this study is that the current Spreadmark standards are a satisfactory basis for defining the evenness requirements of fertiliser applications in most circumstances. On the basis of Spreadmark testing to date, more than 50% of the national commercial spreading fleet fails to meet the standard for nitrogenous fertilisers and 40% fails to meet the standard for phosphatic fertilisers.Keywords: aerial spreading, crop response, economic loss, fertiliser, ground spreading, striping, uneven application, uneven spreading, yield loss

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document