WHAT IS NORMAL COGNITIVE AGING?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1060-1068
Author(s):  
Н. М. Залуцкая ◽  
Н. А. Гомзякова ◽  
Д. М. Сарайкин ◽  
Н. И. Ананьева ◽  
Н. Г. Незнанов
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Memory Reduction ◽  
Activity Decrease ◽  
Addenbrooke’S Cognitive Examination

При помощи Адденбрукской когнитивной шкалы (ACE-III), теста Струпа (ТС), Шкалы памяти Векслера (WMS) и Батареи лобной дисфункции (FAB) нами были обследованы 44 респондента практически здоровой «возрастной нормы» 52-95 лет. В зависимости от возраста выборка была разделена на две группы - в 1-ю вошли лица младше 65 лет (64 года включительно), 2-ю составили испытуемые старше 65 лет. Статистически достоверные различия результатов обследования респондентов двух групп посредством ACE-III обнаружены по показателю память и общему баллу методики, при этом по мере увеличения возраста снижался уровень показателей когнитивного функционирования, измеренных посредством ACE-III. Результаты сравнения данных обследования при помощи ТС свидетельствуют о снижении темпа работы в условиях нагрузки и ослаблении гибкости организации мыслительной деятельности и концентрации внимания, а также о повышенной интерференции у лиц старшей возрастной группы, обследованной нами. Корреляционный анализ данных ТС и возраста обследованных показал, что с возрастом происходит снижение когнитивного контроля над обработкой информации, нарастают интерферирующие воздействия, снижается точность и темп деятельности, а сама деятельность становится более ригидной. Результаты корреляционного анализа показателей WMS и возраста продемонстрировали снижение уровня психического контроля над деятельностью, ухудшение памяти в зрительной модальности, нарастание снижения оперативной памяти по мере его увеличения. По мере старения у обследованных здоровых испытуемых обнаружено ухудшение лобных (регуляторных) функций, оцененных при помощи FAB. Using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-III), the Stroop Test (ST), the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), we examined 44 respondents of an almost healthy «age norm» from 52 to 95 years old. Depending on age, the sample was divided into 2 groups, the first group included people under the age of 65 years (64 years old inclusive), the second group consisted of subjects over 65 years old. Statistically significant differences in the results of the survey of respondents of the two groups by the ACE-III were found in Memory and Total score indicators, while the level of cognitive functioning measured by the ACE-III decreased with age. The results of comparing the survey data using the Stroop Test indicate a decrease in the pace of work under load conditions and a weakening in the flexibility of organization of mental activity and concentration of attention, as well as increased interference in individuals of a more age group examined by us. Correlation analysis of the Stroop test data and the age of the examined showed cognitive control over information processing decreases, interfering influences increase, accuracy and pace of activity decrease, and the activity itself becomes more rigidas age increases. The results of the correlation analysis of the indicators of the WMS and age demonstrated a decrease in the level of mental control over activity, a deterioration of memory in the visual modality, and a progressive working memory reduction as age increases. With the growth of age, a decrease in frontal (executive) functions of healthy subjects, evaluated by the FAB, was found.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive Aging Using an SSVEP-Based Brain–Computer Interface System

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saraswati Sridhar ◽  
Vidya Manian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Cognitive Deterioration ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Bci System

Cognitive deterioration caused by illness or aging often occurs before symptoms arise, and its timely diagnosis is crucial to reducing its medical, personal, and societal impacts. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) stimulate and analyze key cerebral rhythms, enabling reliable cognitive assessment that can accelerate diagnosis. The BCI system presented analyzes steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) elicited in subjects of varying age to detect cognitive aging, predict its magnitude, and identify its relationship with SSVEP features (band power and frequency detection accuracy), which were hypothesized to indicate cognitive decline due to aging. The BCI system was tested with subjects of varying age to assess its ability to detect aging-induced cognitive deterioration. Rectangular stimuli flickering at theta, alpha, and beta frequencies were presented to subjects, and frontal and occipital Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses were recorded. These were processed to calculate detection accuracy for each subject and calculate SSVEP band power. A neural network was trained using the features to predict cognitive age. The results showed potential cognitive deterioration through age-related variations in SSVEP features. Frequency detection accuracy declined after age group 20–40, and band power declined throughout all age groups. SSVEPs generated at theta and alpha frequencies, especially 7.5 Hz, were the best indicators of cognitive deterioration. Here, frequency detection accuracy consistently declined after age group 20–40 from an average of 96.64% to 69.23%. The presented system can be used as an effective diagnosis tool for age-related cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Biomarkers for Cognitive Aging Part II

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen C. Insel ◽  
Ida M. Moore ◽  
Amy N. Vidrine ◽  
David W. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Medication Monitoring ◽  
Sorting Test

The purpose of this study was to further examine potential biomarkers of cognitive aging by looking at the associations among oxidative stress, cognitive abilities, and medication adherence in a community-based sample of middle-aged and older adults ( n = 42; mean age = 69 years) prescribed at least one medication for hypertension. In addition to measures described in Part I, “Biomarkers for Cognitive Aging,” a 12-hr urine collection for F2-isoprostanes served as an indicator of oxidative stress. Participants completed a battery of cognitive assessments and 8 weeks of electronic medication monitoring for adherence to one antihypertensive agent. Oxidative stress was significantly associated with logical memory, immediate ( r = −.38, p < .01) and delayed recall ( r = −.42, p < .01), and recognition memory ( r = −.42, p < .01) from the Wechsler Memory Scale III, number of perseveration errors ( r = .26, p < .05) and categories achieved ( r = −.26, p < .01) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WSCT), and medication adherence ( r = −.34, p <.05). Findings indicate that a biomarker of oxidative stress, F2-isoprostanes corrected for vitamin E, is significantly associated with cognitive measures and a functional outcome.

scholarly journals Moral Identity and Moral Judgement of Subclinical Psychopaths in Normal Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-367
Author(s):  
Harprit Kaur ◽  
Dr Swati
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Moral Judgement ◽  
Age Group

Subclinical psychopaths are those individuals who have most of psychopath’s traits but doesn’t indulge in serious antisocial behavior and thus rarely get imprisoned1. Psychopaths have been generally reported to be low on ethical behaviours. This study is an attempt to see if subclinical psychopaths too are low on moral aspects like clinical psychopaths. For this study data of 279 young adults in the age group of 18 to 25 years were collected from various colleges and universities of Punjab. Correlation analysis revealed that subclinical psychopathy is negatively related to moral identity internalisation, however, no relation was found with moral judgement and moral identity symbolisation. When the two group subclinical psychopath’s ad non-subclinical psychopaths were compared they were found to differ on moral identity internalisation. With regression analysis subclinical psychopathy was found to be a significant predictor of moral identity internalisation.

scholarly journals Sexual life assessment in individuals with different kind of relationships

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-71
Author(s):  
Kumrije Gagica ◽  
Hajrullah Fejza
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Regular Partner ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Student’S T

Sexual life and intimacy mainly is based by one’s personality, knowledge and attitudes toward others. Someone’s personality can tell us how they approach all sorts of different things in life, including sexual life. To audit sexual life it is necessary to assess it through asking people who have a regular partner or whoever they are having sex, or their last relationship. The study included 500 subjects from Albania and Kosovo. The questionnaire was delivered through Survey planet app. The audit was opened during June 2019. Questionnaire contains 15 questions with A, B, C alternatives. The data were analyzed through SPSS software. Using the program, a series of Student’s t-tests was conducted for independent samples and correlation analysis with Pearson’s coefficient. The answers were categorized in three categories: mostly A, mostly B and mostly C. Female respondents were 54.6 % whereas 45.4% male. The majority, 78% ranked in age group 21-50 years old, from whom 71.4 % were married. Mostly A score frequently found at 53.60 % of participants which sounds like they and their partners have a really healthy and satisfying sex life.  “Mostly B” answered by 32% of participants which means that they were mostly satisfied with their sex life, and it seems like sometimes they can feel a little disconnected. Mostly C score is most commonly found at 14.40% of participants. This study shows that more than a half of the participants have a satisfying and a healthy sexual life.

Intentional signal in prefrontal cortex generalizes across different sensory modalities

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyuwan Choi ◽  
Elizabeth B. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Binary Control ◽  
The Brain

Biofeedback-EEG training to learn the mental control of an external device (e.g., a cursor on the screen) has been an important paradigm to attempt to understand the involvements of various areas of the brain in the volitional control and the modulation of intentional thought processes. Often the areas to adapt and to monitor progress are selected a priori. Less explored, however, has been the notion of automatically emerging activation in a particular area or subregions within that area recruited above and beyond the rest of the brain. Likewise, the notion of evoking such a signal as an amodal, abstract one remaining robust across different sensory modalities could afford some exploration. Here we develop a simple binary control task in the context of brain-computer interface (BCI) and use a Bayesian sparse probit classification algorithm to automatically uncover brain regional activity that maximizes task performance. We trained and tested 19 participants using the visual modality for instructions and feedback. Across training blocks we quantified coupling of the frontoparietal nodes and selective involvement of visual and auditory regions as a function of the real-time sensory feedback. The testing phase under both forms of sensory feedback revealed automatic recruitment of the prefrontal cortex with a parcellation of higher strength levels in Brodmann's areas 9, 10, and 11 significantly above those in other brain areas. We propose that the prefrontal signal may be a neural correlate of externally driven intended direction and discuss our results in the context of various aspects involved in the cognitive control of our thoughts.

scholarly journals The Cognitive Connectome in Healthy Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloy Garcia-Cabello ◽  
Lissett Gonzalez-Burgos ◽  
Joana B. Pereira ◽  
Juan Andres Hernández-Cabrera ◽  
Eric Westman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cognitive Variables

Objectives: Cognitive aging has been extensively investigated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Sophisticated multivariate approaches such as graph theory could potentially capture unknown complex associations between multiple cognitive variables. The aim of this study was to assess whether cognition is organized into a structure that could be called the “cognitive connectome,” and whether such connectome differs between age groups.Methods: A total of 334 cognitively unimpaired individuals were stratified into early-middle-age (37–50 years, n = 110), late-middle-age (51–64 years, n = 106), and elderly (65–78 years, n = 118) groups. We built cognitive networks from 47 cognitive variables for each age group using graph theory and compared the groups using different global and nodal graph measures.Results: We identified a cognitive connectome characterized by five modules: verbal memory, visual memory—visuospatial abilities, procedural memory, executive—premotor functions, and processing speed. The elderly group showed reduced transitivity and average strength as well as increased global efficiency compared with the early-middle-age group. The late-middle-age group showed reduced global and local efficiency and modularity compared with the early-middle-age group. Nodal analyses showed the important role of executive functions and processing speed in explaining the differences between age groups.Conclusions: We identified a cognitive connectome that is rather stable during aging in cognitively healthy individuals, with the observed differences highlighting the important role of executive functions and processing speed. We translated the connectome concept from the neuroimaging field to cognitive data, demonstrating its potential to advance our understanding of the complexity of cognitive aging.

scholarly journals Cross-Modal Transfer Following Auditory Task-Switching Training in Old Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Robert William Toovey ◽  
Florian Kattner ◽  
Torsten Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Support Set ◽  
Processing Level

Maintaining and coordinating multiple task-sets is difficult and leads to costs, however task-switching training can reduce these deficits. A recent study in young adults demonstrated that this training effect occurs at an amodal processing level. Old age is associated with reduced cognitive plasticity and further increases the performance costs when mixing multiple tasks. Thus, cognitive aging might be a limiting factor for inducing cross-modal training effects in a task-switching environment. We trained participants, aged 62–83 years, with an auditory task-switching paradigm over four sessions (2880 total trials), to investigate whether training-related reductions in task-switching costs would also manifest in an untrained visual modality version of the task. Two control groups trained with single tasks (active control) or not trained (passive control) allowed us to identify improvements specific to task-switching training. To make statistical evaluations of any age differences in training and cross-modal transfer, the data from the Kattner cohort were incorporated into the present analysis. Despite the tendency for older adults to respond more cautiously, task-switching training specifically led to a mixing cost reduction in both trained and untrained modalities, the magnitude of which was statistically similar regardless of age. In line with a growing body of research, we failed to observe any far transfer effects in measures of inhibition, working memory or fluid intelligence. Overall, we conclude that any apparent cognitive limitations associated with aging do not prevent cognitive control processes which support set-shifting from improving at an amodal level.

scholarly journals Domain general processes moderate age-related performance differences on the mnemonic similarity task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Foster ◽  
Kelly S. Giovanello
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Inhibitory Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Item Level

Several prominent domain general theories (e.g., processing speed and inhibitory function) have been developed to explain cognitive changes associated with aging. A bias to “pattern complete” in aging has also been suggested to account for age-related changes that are specific to episodic memory. The current experiments test whether domain-general processes of cognitive aging moderate the bias to pattern complete. The study phase of the mnemonic similarity task, a memory task with old, new, and similar trials at recognition, was manipulated to assess the contribution of processing speed (Experiment 1 – different encoding times) and inhibitory function (Experiment 2 – item-level directed forgetting) to the age-related bias to pattern complete in a sample of 100 healthy younger and older adults. Both experiments exhibited significant interactions between age group and encoding manipulation, replicating a bias to pattern complete in aging, and indicating that processing speed and inhibitory function moderate this effect. Age-related differences in performance on the mnemonic similarity task are moderated by experimental manipulations of domain general processes that also decline with age, providing evidence for conditions that can ameliorate and explain performance decrements on the mnemonic similarity task in older adults.

scholarly journals A comprehensive score reflecting memory-related fMRI activations and deactivations as potential biomarker for neurocognitive aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram Soch ◽  
Anni Richter ◽  
Hartmut Schütze ◽  
Jasmin M. Kizilirmak ◽  
Anne Assmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Imaging Biomarker ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Neurocognitive Aging

AbstractOlder adults and particularly those at risk for developing dementia typically show a decline in episodic memory performance, which has been associated with altered memory network activity detectable via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To quantify the degree of these alterations, a score has been developed as a putative imaging biomarker for successful aging in memory for older adults (Functional Activity Deviations during Encoding, FADE; Düzel et al., 2011). Here, we introduce and validate a more comprehensive version of the FADE score, termed FADE-SAME (Similarity of Activations during Memory Encoding), which differs from the original FADE score by considering not only activations but also deactivations in fMRI contrasts of stimulus novelty and successful encoding, and by taking into account the variance of young adults’ activations. We computed both scores for novelty and subsequent memory contrasts in a cohort of 217 healthy adults, including 106 young and 111 older participants, as well as a replication cohort of 117 young subjects. We further tested the stability and generalizability of both scores by controlling for different MR scanners and gender, as well as by using different data sets of young adults as reference samples. Both scores showed robust age-group-related differences for the subsequent memory contrast, and the FADE-SAME score additionally exhibited age-group-related differences for the novelty contrast. Furthermore, both scores correlate with behavioral measures of cognitive aging, namely memory performance. Taken together, our results suggest that single-value scores of memory-related fMRI responses may constitute promising biomarkers for quantifying neurocognitive aging.

scholarly journals Dysexecutive Functioning in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Derailment in Temporal Gradients

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Eppig ◽  
Denene Wambach ◽  
Christine Nieves ◽  
Catherine C. Price ◽  
Melissa Lamar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Accuracy Indices ◽  
Over Time

AbstractLibon et al. (2010) provided evidence for three statistically determined clusters of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): amnesic (aMCI), dysexecutive (dMCI), and mixed (mxMCI). The current study further examined dysexecutive impairment in MCI using the framework of Fuster's (1997) derailed temporal gradients, that is, declining performance on executive tests over time or test epoch. Temporal gradients were operationally defined by calculating the slope of aggregate letter fluency output across 15-s epochs and accuracy indices for initial, middle, and latter triads from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Mental Control subtest (Boston Revision). For letter fluency, slope was steeper for dMCI compared to aMCI and NC groups. Between-group Mental Control analyses for triad 1 revealed worse dMCI performance than NC participants. On triad 2, dMCI scored lower than aMCI and NCs; on triad 3, mxMCI performed worse versus NCs. Within-group Mental Control analyses yielded equal performance across all triads for aMCI and NC participants. mxMCI scored lower on triad 1 compared to triads 2 and 3. dMCI participants also performed worse on triad 1 compared to triads 2 and 3, but scored higher on triad 3 versus triad 2. These data suggest impaired temporal gradients may provide a useful heuristic for understanding dysexecutive impairment in MCI. (JINS, 2012, 18, 20–28)

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