scholarly journals Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting: solutions and actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Romsom ◽  
Kathryn McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gas

This second paper on hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting builds on our first, which evaluated the economic and social cost (SCAR) of wasted natural gas. These emissions must be reduced urgently for natural gas to meet its potential as an energy-transition fuel under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and to improve air quality and health. Wide-ranging initiatives and solutions exist already; the selection of the most suitable ones is situation-dependent. We present solutions and actions in a four-point (‘Diamond’) model involving: (1) measurement of chemicals emitted, (2) accountability and transparency of emissions through disclosure and reporting, (3) economic deployment of technologies for (small-scale) gas monetization, and (4) an ‘all-of-government’ approach to regulation and fiscal measures. Combining these actions in an integrated framework can end routine flaring and venting in many oil and gas developments. This is particularly important for low- and middle-income countries: satellite data since 2005 show that 85 per cent of total gas flared is in developing countries. Satellite data in 2017 identified location and amount of natural gas burned for 10,828 individual flares in 94 countries. Particular focus is needed to improve flare quality and capture natural gas from the 1 per cent ‘super-emitter’ flares responsible for 23 per cent of global natural gas flared.

scholarly journals Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring: evaluation of the issues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Romsom ◽  
Kathryn McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Gas Price

Atmospheric emissions urgently need to reduce for natural gas to fulfill its potential role in the energy transition to achieve the Paris Agreement on climate change. This paper establishes the magnitude and trends of flaring and venting in oil and gas operations, as well as their emissions and impact on air quality, health, and climate. While global flaring and venting comprise 7.5 per cent of natural gas produced, their combined impact on health and climate (in terms of Social Cost of Atmospheric Release) accounts for 54 per cent. Many low- and middle-income countries are economically dependent on oil and gas production. Most premature deaths from air pollution in 2016 were in developing countries. Most natural gas losses and emissions are avoidable. If all natural gas flared and vented globally is captured and brought to market, it could supply annually more than the total South and Central America gas consumption, plus all of Africa’s power needs. If 75 per cent of these volumes are captured, it provides an additional natural gas sales value of US$36 billion per annum (assuming an average gas price of US$4/MMBtu).

scholarly journals Procurement, finance and the energy transition: Between global processes and territorial realities

2021 ◽  
pp. 251484862199112
Author(s):  
Lucy Baker
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Asset Class ◽  
Renewable Electricity Generation ◽  
Utility Scale

Utility-scale renewable electricity generation is essential to decarbonisation as well as to ensuring affordable and secure electricity supplies around the world. Yet thus far there has been limited critical thinking dedicated to the complexities behind the finance and ownership of this new infrastructure and how national and local stakeholders should participate in and benefit from its development, particularly in contexts of high inequality in low- and middle-income countries. As the global renewable energy industry becomes increasingly consolidated and financialised, evidence from a number of countries suggests that despite the pro-environmental outcomes of utility-scale renewable electricity generation, the processes and institutions that procure and finance it have often failed to include or benefit individuals and communities living in the national and local vicinity. This paper therefore sets two key competing objectives of renewable electricity generation in context: as a predictable, long-term revenue stream for investors, and as a mechanism for socio-economic development and community empowerment. Building on scholarship from human geography, development studies and sustainability transitions, my analysis takes forward understandings of the role of finance in utility-scale renewable electricity generation as a key aspect of the political economy of the energy transition. In exploring the evolution of renewable electricity as a new and rapidly emerging asset class I consider how its development is increasingly determined by the frameworks and logics of finance and investment. Drawing on examples from South Africa and Mexico, I address the following questions: What are the evolving configurations and processes of finance and investment in utility-scale renewable electricity generation? How have they been facilitated? And what tensions have arisen from their implementation at the national and local level?

A systematic review of household energy transition in low and middle income countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 102463
Author(s):  
Dawit Guta ◽  
Jill Baumgartner ◽  
Darby Jack ◽  
Ellison Carter ◽  
Guofeng Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Performance of Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes Under Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Muhoyi ◽  
Josue Mbonigaba
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Agricultural Performance ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation

Small-scale irrigation schemes (SSIS) in developing countries have been crucial, but the evidence about their performance has not been sufficiently analyzed. This chapter documents such evidence by reviewing and classifying the performance indicators. It also assesses literature on whether there are discernible trends in the efficiency of SSIS, identifies and classifies SSIS constraints, and characterizes various channels through which SSIS might affect poverty. Objectives are achieved via a systematic review of literature from 1990 to 2017. Results indicate a lack of standardization of irrigation performance indicators, and there is evidence that irrigation has boosted agricultural performance. Even though SSIS were associated with higher productivity than rain-fed agriculture, they performed below their full potential due to undervaluation of irrigation water by irrigation authorities, farmer characteristics, costs, institutional setups, the policy environment, and design, cultural, community, and environmental issues. SSIS are important tools for poverty reduction, and relevant policy implications are outlined.

scholarly journals Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gorman ◽  
Sion Jones ◽  
Jeffrey Turner
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.

scholarly journals Awareness and utilization of personal protective equipment among small-scale welders in Cross River State, Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ekpereonne Esu ◽  
Utibeabasi Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Objective: Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the many low- and middle-income countries means that there is a growing demand for the welding industry. Previous studies in Nigeria, and other low- and middle-income countries have reported a significant discrepancy between awareness and consistent and appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This study assessed the awareness and utilization of PPE among small-scale welders in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Methods: This study was conducted in Calabar South Local Government Area using a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data collection was with an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire, and an observation checklist was used to monitor the use of PPE among small-scale welders. Results:  One hundred and sixteen small-scale welders were surveyed with a mean age of 34.9 ±9.1 years. Almost 90% of respondents had completed at least primary education. Eighty-one respondents (69.8%) were aware of PPE. Three-quarters of respondents (61/81) knew PPE protected the user from injury. The most frequently identified type of welding PPE among the respondents aware of PPE, were safety goggles (38.3%), hand gloves (25.9%), safety boots (19.8%), and coveralls (9.9%). 83.6% had access to PPE at work. However, only 14.4% reported using PPE consistently. Observation revealed that the PPE most frequently used, sunglasses, were not the recommended welding goggles. Conclusion:  The low utilization of PPE calls for stricter enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations among welders in the informal sector, including implementing PPE awareness programs.

A new approach to value creation – stranded gas resource commercialisation via low-cost small scale floating LNG projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Daein Cha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Cost Development ◽  
Development Concept

There are ~240 discovered, but stranded, offshore gas resources within the range of ~0.5 to 5.0 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of which ~40 such fields, representing 65 TCF of EUR, resides within Australian jurisdiction. Operators are challenged to commercialise these gas resources due to several factors such as: • lack of materiality within their oil and gas resource portfolio, • remote location, and • lack of a low-cost development concept. For such resources, a predetermined low-cost, small scale (∼1.0 million tonnes per annum production capacity) floating liquefied natural gas vessel and subsea wells tie-back development concept can be deployed to achieve commercialisation. Furthermore, the following should be promoted for the adoption to commercialise such gas resources: • target breakeven liquefied natural gas (LNG) price as a key metric to confirm fit of the resource and the development concept, • innovative financing and commercial structures to be co-developed among key stakeholders to enable project development within the constraint of a target breakeven LNG price, and • differentiated LNG offtake value proposition for securing LNG offtake contracts that underpin project bankability.

scholarly journals How will energy transition impact the major EU natural gas suppliers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-42
Author(s):  
Maria Olczak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Carbon Gases

This paper focuses on the adaptation strategies of two major EU natural gas suppliers – Gazprom and Equinor – to new challenges imposed by the clean energy transition. Oil and gas companies around the world have already started to adjust their business strategies, inter alia, by investing in renewable energy. The recently proposed European Green Deal adds additional decarbonisation pressure to the gas sector with the increasing supply of renewable and low-carbon gases and the reduction of energy-related methane emissions.

scholarly journals Small-scale commercial chicken production: A risky business for farmers in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Truong Dinh Bao ◽  
Nguyen Van Cuong ◽  
Hoang Doan Phu ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung ◽  
Bach Tuan Kiet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Commercial Chicken

ABSTRACTSmall-scale farming of meat chicken flocks using local native breeds contributes to the economy of many rural livelihoods in Vietnam and many other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These systems are also the target of high levels of antimicrobial use (AMU); however little is known about the profitability and sustainability of such systems. Since small scale farms are commercial enterprises, this knowledge is essential in order to develop successful strategies aimed at curbing excessive AMU. Using longitudinal data from 203 randomly selected small-scale (100-2,000 chickens) native chicken flocks raised in 102 farms in Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam), we investigated the financial and economic parameters of such systems and the main constraints to their sustainability. Feed accounted for the largest financial cost (flock median 49.5% [Inter-quartile range (IQR) 41.5-61.8%]) of total costs, followed by day-old-chicks (DOCs) (median 30.3% [IQR 23.2-38.4%]), non-antimicrobial health-supporting products (median 7.1% [IQR 4.7-10.5%]), vaccines (median 3.1% [IQR 2.2-4.8%]), equipment (median 1.9% [IQR 0.0-4.9%]) and antimicrobials (median 1.9% [IQR 0.7-3.6%]). Excluding labor costs, farmers achieved a positive return on investment (ROI) from 120 (59.1%) flocks, the remainder generated a loss (median ROI 124% [IQR 36-206%]). Higher ROI was associated with higher flock size and low mortality. There was no statistical association between use of medicated feed and flock mortality or chicken bodyweight. The median daily income per person dedicated to raising chickens was 202,100 VND, lower than alternative rural labour activities in the Mekong Delta. In a large proportion of farms (33.4%), farmers decided to stop raising chickens after completing one cycle. Farmers who dropped off chicken production purchased more expensive feed (in 1,000 VND per kg) (11.1 [10.6-11.5] vs. 10.8 [10.4-11.3] for farms that continued production (p=0.039) and experienced higher chicken mortality (28.5% [12.0-79.0%] vs. 16 [7.5-33.0%] (p=0.004). The turnover of farmers raising chickens in such systems represents a challenge in targeting messages on appropriate AMU and on chicken health. In order to ensure sustainability of small-scale commercial systems, advisory services need to be available as farmer initiate new flocks, and support them in the early stages to help overcome their limited experience and skills. This targeted approach would support profitability whilst reducing risk of emergence of AMR and other disease problems from these systems.

scholarly journals The implementation of colorectal cancer screening interventions in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Désirée Schliemann ◽  
Kogila Ramanathan ◽  
Nicholas Matovu ◽  
Ciaran O’Neill ◽  
Frank Kee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Recruitment Strategies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Screening Cost ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experienced increasing rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the last decade and lower 5-year survival rates compared to high-income countries (HICs) where the implementation of screening and treatment services have advanced. This review scoped and mapped the literature regarding the content, implementation and uptake of CRC screening interventions as well as opportunities and challenges for the implementation of CRC screening interventions in LMICs. Methods We systematically followed a five-step scoping review framework to identify and review relevant literature about CRC screening in LMICs, written in the English language before February 2020. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar for studies targeting the general, asymptomatic, at-risk adult population. The TIDieR tool and an implementation checklist were used to extract data from empirical studies; and we extracted data-informed insights from policy reviews and commentaries. Results CRC screening interventions (n = 24 studies) were implemented in nine middle-income countries. Population-based screening programmes (n = 11) as well as small-scale screening interventions (n = 13) utilised various recruitment strategies. Interventions that recruited participants face-to-face (alone or in combination with other recruitment strategies) (10/15), opportunistic clinic-based screening interventions (5/6) and educational interventions combined with screening (3/4), seemed to be the strategies that consistently achieved an uptake of > 65% in LMICs. FOBT/FIT and colonoscopy uptake ranged between 14 and 100%. The most commonly reported implementation indicator was ‘uptake/reach’. There was an absence of detail regarding implementation indicators and there is a need to improve reporting practice in order to disseminate learning about how to implement programmes. Conclusion Opportunities and challenges for the implementation of CRC screening programmes were related to the reporting of CRC cases and screening, cost-effective screening methods, knowledge about CRC and screening, staff resources and training, infrastructure of the health care system, financial resources, public health campaigns, policy commitment from governments, patient navigation, planning of screening programmes and quality assurance.

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