scholarly journals 2C-x and DOx hallucinogens: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Iulia-Florentina Darie ◽  
Mirela Praisler ◽  
Catalin Negoita
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Drug Market ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Substituted Amphetamines ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The drug market has seen a significant global expansion in the last decades. The synthetic designer drugs belonging to the class of amphetamines and derived phenylethylamines have experienced the greatest spread in the drug market for abuse. As phenylethylamines are organic compounds that stimulate the central nervous system of humans, many are abused as recreational drugs. A large array of substituted amphetamines can be easily synthetized by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in the structure of phenylethylamine. Among these, the most dangerous for human health are those analogues or homologues that have hallucinogenic effects (besides the stimulant pharmacological activity), such as those belonging to the 2C-x and DOx classes of amphetamines. This review describes the physico-chemical and spectral properties of the most representative compounds of the two classes.

scholarly journals Ketamine’s effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112110264
Author(s):  
Emma Kopra ◽  
Valeria Mondelli ◽  
Carmine Pariante ◽  
Naghmeh Nikkheslat
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Ketamine is a novel rapid-acting antidepressant with high efficacy in treatment-resistant patients. Its exact therapeutic mechanisms of action are unclear; however, in recent years its anti-inflammatory properties and subsequent downstream effects on tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have sparked research interest. Aim: This systematic review examined the effect of ketamine on inflammatory markers and TRP–kynurenine (KYN) pathway metabolites in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression and in animal models of depression. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched on October 2020 (1806 to 2020). Results: Out of 807 initial results, nine human studies and 22 animal studies on rodents met the inclusion criteria. Rodent studies provided strong support for ketamine-induced decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely in interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and indicated anti-inflammatory effects on TRP metabolism, including decreases in the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Clinical evidence was less robust with high heterogeneity between sample characteristics, but most experiments demonstrated decreases in peripheral inflammation including in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Preliminary support was also found for reduced activation of the neurotoxic arm of the KYN pathway. Conclusion: Ketamine appears to induce anti-inflammatory effects in at least a proportion of depressed patients. Suggestions for future research include investigation of markers in the central nervous system and examination of clinical relevance of inflammatory changes.

scholarly journals VLA-Phoenix Observations of a Narrow-Band Decimetric Burst

1990 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 525-526
Author(s):  
Robert F. Willson ◽  
Arnold O. Benz
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Digital Radio ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
The Phoenix ◽  
Positive Frequency

We discuss observations of a highly-circularly polarized multiply-impulsive microwave burst detected by the Very Large Array and the Phoenix Digital Radio Spectrometer. The VLA was used to resolve the burst in two dimensions, while PHOENIX provided high time resolution information about its spectral properties. During part of the burst, positive frequency drifts were detected, suggesting inwardly propagating beams of electrons emitting Type III-like radiation.

scholarly journals There is no benefit in the use of postnatal intravenous immunoglobulin for the prevention of relapses of multiple sclerosis: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gleysson Rodrigues Rosa ◽  
Anthony Terrence O’Brien ◽  
Eduardo de Almeida Guimarães Nogueira ◽  
Vitor Martinez de Carvalho ◽  
Sonia Castedo Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Qualitative Analyses ◽  
Fertile Women

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Since MS affects mostly fertile women, pregnancy issues often arise in daily practice. The present study assessed the use of postpartum intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in MS. Methods The authors individually searched for records using PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar, using the terms “multiple sclerosis” OR “MS” AND “pregnancy” OR “gestation” OR “partum” OR “post-partum” OR “puerperium” AND “immunoglobulin”. Results The initial search returned 321 papers. There were 11 eligible articles selected for the review. In total, 380 patients had received post-natal IVIG to reduce the number of postpartum relapses. The unadjusted number needed to treat was 6.3 for the quantitative and 5.8 for the qualitative analyses. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of IVIG for prevention of postnatal relapses in MS could not clearly be established in this meta-analysis.

scholarly journals A simple model for growth of a planar hydrogenated carbon cluster under interstellar or circumstellar conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 268-268
Author(s):  
G. Pascoli
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Carbon Cluster ◽  
Carbon Clusters ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Open Question

The physico-chemical origin of the hydrogenated carbon clusters (cumulenes, PAHs, graphite or amorphous carbon) in space is still an open question. We have worked out a numerical simulation code in order to build up planar (graphite-like) carbon clusters. We assume that hydrogen atoms can fix on the carbon skeleton following a random process allowing for H2 formation. The structures we have found are very complex. In a given cluster, several molecular entities can simultaneously be present: (sp2) carbon chains, rings or compact formations (aromatic structures or small PAHs). We argue that these very contorted hydrogenated structures could be ubiquitous in the interstellar medium, in carbon-rich circumstellar regions and in PNe.

scholarly journals Optimization of Curcumin Nanocrystals as Promising Strategy for Nose-to-Brain Delivery Application

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Bonaccorso ◽  
Maria Rosa Gigliobianco ◽  
Rosalia Pellitteri ◽  
Debora Santonocito ◽  
Claudia Carbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Desirability Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Drug Permeability ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Model Drug

Intranasal (IN) drug delivery is recognized to be an innovative strategy to deliver drugs to the Central Nervous System. One of the main limitations of IN dosing is the low volume of drug that can be administered. Accordingly, two requirements are necessary: the drug should be active at a low dosage, and the drug solubility in water must be high enough to accommodate the required dose. Drug nanocrystals may overcome these limitations; thus, curcumin was selected as a model drug to prepare nanocrystals for potential IN administration. With this aim, we designed curcumin nanocrystals (NCs) by using Box Behnken design. A total of 51 formulations were prepared by the sonoprecipitation method. Once we assessed the influence of the independent variables on nanocrystals’ mean diameter, the formulation was optimized based on the desirability function. The optimized formulation was characterized from a physico-chemical point of view to evaluate the mean size, zeta potential, polidispersity index, pH, osmolarity, morphology, thermotropic behavior and the degree of crystallinity. Finally, the cellular uptake of curcumin and curcumin NCs was evaluated on Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs). Our results showed that the OECs efficiently took up the NCs compared to the free curcumin, showing that NCs can ameliorate drug permeability.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Some Halogenated and Non-halogenated Hydrocarbons

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Clark ◽  
D.J. Tinston
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Saturated Vapour Pressure ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale ◽  
Rat Cns

1 The relative potency of effect of a wide range of halogenated and unsubstituted hydrocarbons on the central nervous system (CNS) and the heart of experimental animals have been determined. 2 The chemicals used caused either stimulation or depression of the rat CNS after 10 minutes' inhalation of concentrations ranging from 0.24% to > 80% (v/v), and cardiac sensitization in dogs after 5 minutes' inhalation of 0.12% to approximately 80% (v/v). 3 The toxicity could not be correlated with chemical structure, molecular weight, the presence or absence of various halogen atoms or the degree of saturation, but it was inversely related to the saturated vapour pressure. When the results were expressed on a thermodynamic scale the chemicals had similar potencies at relative saturations of 0.004 to 0.04 4 It is suggested that the effects of these chemicals on the CNS and the heart are probably structurally non-specific, and the chemicals may be regarded as physical toxicants whose effects are predictable from their physico-chemical properties.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective profile of Piper Methysticum (Kava Kava) and its effects on the Central Nervous System: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-84
Author(s):  
Elaine Cristina Gurgel Andrade Pedrosa ◽  
Ana Paula Carvalho Bezerra ◽  
Ianara Mendonça da Costa ◽  
Francisco Irochima Pinheiro ◽  
Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Piper Methysticum ◽  
System A ◽  
Kava Kava ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Molecular descriptors – an useful tool for assessing the physico-chemical properties of hallucinogenic drugs of abuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Adelina Ion ◽  
Mirela Praisler ◽  
Steluta Gosav
Keyword(s):  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Molecular Descriptors ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Hallucinogenic Drugs ◽  
Physico Chemical

Molecular descriptors play a fundamental role in chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences, being defined as a way to transform molecules into a set of numbers, allowing the mathematical assessment of the chemical information characterizing a molecule. This study presents the usefulness of molecular descriptors for the determination of physico-chemical properties of a series of new hallucinogenic amphetamines. Molecular descriptors of these compounds was performed with the Dragon 5.5 software. The chemometric processing of the information allowed the determination of structural correlations (similarities) between this class of designer drugs and an unknown compound.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Nazari ◽  
Amirhossein Azari Jafari ◽  
Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni ◽  
Saeid Sadeghian ◽  
Mohammad Eghbal Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Impaired Consciousness ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common

Background: At the end of December 2019, a novel respiratory infection, initially reported in China, known as COVID-19 initially reported in China, and later known as COVID-19, led to a global pandemic. Despite many studies reporting respiratory infections as the primary manifestations of this illness, an increasing number of investigations have focused on the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CNS presentations in COVID-19 patients in an attempt to identify the common CNS features and provide a better overview to tackle this new pandemic. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Included studies were publications that reported the CNS features between January 1st, 2020, to April 20th, 2020. The data of selected studies were screened and extracted independently by four reviewers. Extracted data analyzed by using STATA statistical software. The study protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020184456). Results: Of 2353 retrieved studies, we selected 64 studies with 11282 patients after screening. Most of the studies were conducted in China (58 studies). The most common CNS symptom of COVID-19 were Headache (8.69%, 95%CI: 6.76%-10.82%), Dizziness (5.94%, 95%CI: 3.66%-8.22%), and Impaired consciousness (1.9%, 95%CI: 1%-2.79%). Conclusions: The growing number of studies have reported COVID-19, CNS presentations as remarkable manifestations that happen. Hence, understanding the CNS characteristics of COVID-19 can help us for better diagnosis and ultimately prevention of worse outcomes.

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