PARADIGMA DASAR  FENOMENOLOGIS,   HERMENEUTIKA DAN TEORI KRITIS

Attempts to understand reality as it exists in its purity without the need to "intervention" by anything and anyone. Regardless of that advantages and disadvantages, that has provided a valuable contribution to the world of science, overcoming the crisis of methodology, and could become an influential discipline. Phenomenology tries to come near to the object of the study critically and carefully in observation, by not prejudiced with any previous conceptions. Therefore, it is seen as a rigorous science (a tight science) by the phenomenologist. Hermeneutic initially "only" interpret the texts of holy book, in the development becoming more expansive. It spread abroad to the other fields in the social sciences, especially philology, dassein and existential understanding, interpretation, and interpretation system. Finally phenomenology and hermeneutic can be firmly united by Ricoeur. They reputed that they can not be separated and should be accompanied each other. Phenomenology is a basic "irreplaceable" assumption for hermeneutic. On the contrary, hermeneutic is the proponent for phenomenology to running the program well. While the goal of critical theory is to eliminate the various forms of domination and encourage freedom, justice and equality. This theory uses the reflective method by getting constructive critisism to the social administration or institution, politic or economic, which tended to obstructive to the attainment of freedom, justice, and equality.

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Benson and Miller in Perspective

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/s0145553200022999 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 3 (3-4) ◽

pp. 242-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruce Kuklick

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Social Policy ◽

Applied Science ◽

The Other ◽

Social Knowledge ◽

The Past ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

The One ◽

Stock Of Knowledge

Despite differences in coloration Miller and Benson are birds of a feather. Although he is no Pollyanna, Miller believes that there has been a modest and decent series of advances in the social sciences and that the most conscientious, diligent, and intelligent researchers will continue to add to this stock of knowledge. Benson is much more pessimistic about the achievements of yesterday and today but, in turn, offers us the hope of a far brighter tomorrow. Miller explains Benson’s hyperbolic views about the past and future by distinguishing between pure and applied science and by pointing out Benson’s naivete about politics: the itch to understand the world is different from the one to make it better; and, Miller says, because Benson sees that we have not made things better, he should not assume we do not know more about them; Benson ought to realize, Miller adds, that the way politicians translate basic social knowledge into social policy need not bring about rational or desirable results. On the other side, Benson sees more clearly than Miller that the development of science has always been intimately intertwined with the control of the environment and the amelioration of the human estate.

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’n Verkennende studie met die oog op die identifisering en kategorisering van leerteorieë met verwysing na die prediking

HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies ◽

10.4102/hts.v50i3.2579 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

Author(s):

C. M. Van den Berg ◽

T. F.J. Dreyer

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Learning Process ◽

Well Being ◽

The Other ◽

Creative Problem Solving ◽

The Social ◽

Creative Problem ◽

To Come ◽

The Church

An introductory study to identify and classify theories of learning with regard to the task of preaching Learning is a lifelong process in which man must be what he can be, namely a being interacting with his world in a creative problem-solving manner for the well-being of himself and others. In a similar sense the church has always seen her task in preaching, supported by all the other domains of churchlife, as that of teaching people to come to terms with the gospel of Jesus Christ in their daily existence. This article proposes to identify, categorize and integrate the acknowledged theories underlying the learning process, as they exist in the social sciences, into an allencompassing model for learning; a model from which conclusions are drawn in the hope that further studies can spell out the implications of these conclusions as they are applicable to the task of preaching within the church.

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Reflections on the “World Revolution” of 1940

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/1947851 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 1-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert C. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

First World War ◽

The Other ◽

World War ◽

The Social ◽

The First World War ◽

The World ◽

The Subject ◽

Infinite Variety ◽

First World

So controversial is the subject of thai address–“Reflections on the ‘World Revolution’ of 1940”–that a few words of justification in in order. You may be assured that it was not chosen without considerable thought and trepidation. To begin with, I made a study of the addresses of my thirty-four predecessors, as presented in the pages of the American Political Science Review. Without exception, these papers impressed me as wise, scholarly, finely stated, and cogently argued. Occasionally they were lightened by the lambent play of humor. On the other hand, several of them wen decidedly dry–a quality lees refreshing in discourses than in wines. Many of my predecessors dealt penetratingly and profoundly with topics taken from the fields of specialisation wherein they were masters, often the greatest of American masters. Others discussed broadly and philosophically the nature of political science, its relations to the social sciences in general, or the problems encountered in teaching this science.Of course so brief a summary cannot do justice to the almost infinite variety of materials presented by past presidents of our Association. There was, however, one type of subject which as a rule they avoided—that of contemporary, controversial political affairs. Even during the years of the First World War and immediately thereafter, this proved to be the case with only one or two exceptions. No doubt the motive which prompted most of my predecessors to avoid issues of the day was a sound one.

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Individuality and liminarity: some considerations concerning rites of passage and modernity

Vibrant Virtual Brazilian Anthropology ◽

10.1590/1809-43412017v14n1p149 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roberto DaMatta

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Classical Tradition ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Social Life ◽

Rites Of Passage ◽

The Other ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

Critical Link

Abstract This article explores a critical link between two concepts which are central to the social sciences: the idea of liminarity, engendered by the anthropological tradition of self-centred and self-referred monographic studies; and the idea of individuality, a key concept within the classical tradition of the socio-historical studies of great civilizations (as well as being the crucial and familiar category of our civil and political universe). The author seeks to show how a bridge can be established between these two concepts, which may at first appear distant, by focusing on certain under-discussed aspects of rites of passage. He argues that the ‘liminal’ phase of rites of passage is tied to the ambiguity brought about through the isolation and individualization of the initiate. It is thus the experience of being ‘outside-the-world’ that brings forth and characterises liminal states, not the other way around - in short, it is individuality that engenders liminarity. Rites of passage transform this experience into complementarity, into an immersion within a network of social relationships, which the ordeals, in contrast, establish as a model for the plenitude of social life.

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Thinking about the World

10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John W. Meyer ◽

Mathias Risse

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

World Society ◽

The Other ◽

Global Integration ◽

Social Sciences And Humanities ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

Scientific Approach ◽

Social Scientific

In recent decades the world has grown together in some unprecedented ways. This integration is linked to a greatly expanded public and collective awareness of global integration and interdependence. Academics across the social sciences and humanities have been trying to make sense of this expanded world within the confines of their disciplines. In sociology, since the 1970s, notions of the world as a society have become more and more prominent. John Meyer, among others, has put forward, theoretically and empirically, a general world society approach. In philosophy, much more recently, Mathias Risse has proposed the grounds-of-justice approach. Even though one is a social scientific approach and the other a philosophical one, the approaches of Meyer and Risse have much in common. Both call attention to the expanded array of injustice claims arising from unregulated globalization. This chapter brings these two approaches into a conversation.

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Unholy goals and flawed methods

Nordic Perspectives on Open Science ◽

10.7557/11.5659 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte Wien ◽

Bertil Fabricius Dorch

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

The Other ◽

H Index ◽

Social Sciences And Humanities ◽

Future Production ◽

The Social ◽

Job Advertisements ◽

The World ◽

Incomplete Databases

A problematic practice has evolved, which is threatening to undermine research in the social sciences and humanities. Bibliometrics is often claimed to be able to measure researchers’ efficiency. We find this quite problematic and, in this article, we illustrate this point by discussing two different bibliometric practices. One is the so-called h-index, the other the so-called BFI-points (Den bibliometriske Forskningsindikator, The Bibliometric Research Indicator). The BFI was never intended to be used for evaluating individual researchers and their productivity. Yet since its introduction in 2008 especially the social sciences and the humanities experience a pressure to deliver “BFI points” and academic job advertisements within the social sciences and the humanities increasingly mention expectations for people’s past and/or future production of BFI points. The h-index is even more problematic because no one academic database covers all the research publications in the world. The whole thing is completely disorganized, and as many as five different h-indexes exist for each researcher. What makes the h-index even more useless is that it will not let you make comparisons across disciplines. Furthermore, like other simple measurements, it is liable to be manipulated and misinterpreted. On that background, it is remarkable that numbers extracted from incomplete databases are used for describing the quality of researchers and their institutions.

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Defending the Difference

10.1093/oso/9780198796220.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Natural Sciences ◽

Point Of View ◽

True Nature ◽

Natural Entities ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

Methodological Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

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Reconsidering American Power

10.1093/oso/9780199490585.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Human Rights ◽

Postcolonial Studies ◽

Human Condition ◽

American Power ◽

Global Environmental ◽

The Social ◽

State Sponsorship ◽

To Come

Postcolonial studies, postmodern studies, even posthuman studies emerge, and intellectuals demand that social sciences be remade to address fundamentals of the human condition, from human rights to global environmental crises. Since these fields owe so much to American state sponsorship, is it easier to reimagine the human and the modern than to properly measure the pervasive American influence? Reconsidering American Power offers trenchant studies by renowned scholars who reassess the role of the social sciences in the construction and upkeep of the Pax Americana and the influence of Pax Americana on the social sciences. With the thematic image for this enterprise as the ‘fiery hunt’ for Ahab’s whale, the contributors pursue realities behind the theories, and reconsider the real origins and motives of their fields with an eye on what will deter or repurpose the ‘fiery hunts’ to come, by offering a critical insider’s view.

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The Politics of Global Health Inequalities

The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.15 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 58-84

Author(s):

Yusra Ribhi Shawar ◽

Jennifer Prah Ruger

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Critical Theory ◽

Global Health ◽

Health Inequalities ◽

Health Inequality ◽

The Political ◽

State Of Health ◽

Political Determinants ◽

The Social

Careful investigations of the political determinants of health that include the role of power in health inequalities—systematic differences in health achievements among different population groups—are increasing but remain inadequate. Historically, much of the research examining health inequalities has been influenced by biomedical perspectives and focused, as such, on ‘downstream’ factors. More recently, there has been greater recognition of more ‘distal’ and ‘upstream’ drivers of health inequalities, including the impacts of power as expressed by actors, as well as embedded in societal structures, institutions, and processes. The goal of this chapter is to examine how power has been conceptualised and analysed to date in relation to health inequalities. After reviewing the state of health inequality scholarship and the emerging interest in studying power in global health, the chapter presents varied conceptualisations of power and how they are used in the literature to understand health inequalities. The chapter highlights the particular disciplinary influences in studying power across the social sciences, including anthropology, political science, and sociology, as well as cross-cutting perspectives such as critical theory and health capability. It concludes by highlighting strengths and limitations of the existing research in this area and discussing power conceptualisations and frameworks that so far have been underused in health inequalities research. This includes potential areas for future inquiry and approaches that may expand the study of as well as action on addressing health inequality.

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