scholarly journals Queratinasas microbianas: microorganismos, producción y caracterización

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ivana Alejandra Cavello

Actualmente las proteasas alcalinas son ampliamente utilizadas en la industria del cuero, en distintas formulaciones de detergentes, también en el proceso de recuperación de plata, y en la producción de hidrolizados de proteínas. Comúnmente, todas estas proteasas se obtienen de fuentes microbianas que crecen en sustrato relativamente caros. Muchos estudios demuestran que cerca del 40% del costo de producción de estas enzimas está relacionada con la composición del medio de cultivo. Para reducir el costo de producción es importante la búsqueda de microorganismos capaces de crecer y de producir suficiente cantidad de la enzima usando sustratos baratos. En este sentido desechos de naturaleza queratínica tienen un enorme potencial para ser utilizacos como sustrato para la producción de un grupo de enzimas proteolíticas llamado queratinasas, las cuales presentan la capacidad de hidrolizar la queratina, proteína sumamente resistente a la degradación por su estructura y por la presencia en su molécula de puentes disulfuro. En el presente trabajo de tesis seis cepas de hongos no patógenos aislados de suelos alcalinos de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, (Acremonium murorum, Aspergillus sidowii, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Neurospora tetrasperma, Purpureocillium lilacinum (ex Paecilomyces lilacinus) y Westerdikella dispersa) fueron evaluados de acuerdo a su capacidad de producir enzimas queratinolíticas. Entre estas cepas, P. lilacinum resultó ser el hongo con mayor producción de actividad proteolítica y queratinolítica, tanto en fermentación en sustrato solido como en sumergido, siendo seleccionado para continuar con este trabajo. Se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de cultivo para la producción enzimática utilizando diseños experimentales y la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Las condiciones óptimas fueron: 7,10 g/l de glucosa; 0.0065 mg/l de CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> y pH inicial de 5.60; en estas condiciones de cultivo, el rendimiento máximo para la producción de queratinasas predijo por el modelo fue de 26,7 U azo/ml. La validación del modelo demostró que, tanto el polinomio como las correspondientes superficies de respuesta obtenidas describen adecuadamente la influencia de la concentración de glucosa, de calcio y el pH inicial en la producción de queratinasas. Luego de la optimización del medio de cultivo se procedió a la purificación de la enzima, las etapas involucradas en la purificación fueron la precipitación con sulfato de amonio y distintas técnicas cromatográficas de intercambio iónico y permeación en gel, con un factor de purificación de 19.8 veces y una actividad específica de 1430 U/mg de proteína. El peso molecular de la enzima, determinado por SDS-PAGE, fue de 37 kDa. La queratinasa extracelular de P. lilacinum se caracteriza por su apreciable estabilidad en un amplio intervalo de pH (4.0 a 9.0), y hasta 65°C. La inhibición que presenta frente a PMSF (98,2% de la inhibición) sugiere su naturaleza serínica. La enzima es activa y estable en presencia de solventes orgánicos tales como dimetilsulfóxido, metanol, e isopropanol; ciertos tensioactivos como Triton X-100, dodecilsulfato de sodio, y Tween 85, y agentes oxidante como el peróxido de hidrógeno. Sus parámetros cinéticos de inactivación térmica fueron estimados bajo diferentes condiciones y fue posible observar cómo afectan calcio, el glicerol y el propilenglicol a la estabilidad térmica de la enzima. Se investigó la inmovilización covalente de la queratinasa pura sobre un soporte de quitosán, optimizando la concentración de los agentes entrecruzantes glutaraldehído y genipina, así como también el tiempo de activación. La enzima inmovilizada presentó mayor estabilidad frente a pH y temperaturas extremas en comparación con la enzima libre, además retiene 61.37 % de la actividad enzimática inicial después de cinco ciclos de hidrolisis. Se estudiaron las potenciales aplicaciones biotecnológicas del extracto enzimático, entre ellas se estudió por su compatibilidad y estabilidad frente a detergentes comerciales (7 mg/ml) como Ariel y Skip, observándose que éste retiene más de 70 % de su actividad proteolítica inicial después de 1 h de incubación a 40ºC. La simulación de lavado reveló que el extracto era capaz de eliminar eficazmente las manchas de sangre. Se estudió también la posibilidad de utilizar este extracto enzimático en la recuperación de plata a partir de placas radiográficas usadas. En dosis de enzima de 6,9 U azoc/ml y a 60ºC, la eliminación completa de la capa de gelatina con la liberación completa de las partículas de plata se alcanzó en 6 min a pH 9.0. Por último, P. lilacinum además de producir enzimas queratinolíticas con la producción de paralela de amonio, mostró la capacidad producir sideróforos y ácido indolacético (IAA) al crecer con residuo pelo como sustrato en presencia de Trp y baja concentración de hierro. Se realizaron ensayos a nivel de invernadero con plantas de tomate, encontrándose que, en términos de peso seco, el hidrolizado mostró un efecto similar al del fertilizante de referencia. Además, el hidrolizado demostró poseer actividad antifúngica contra varios patógenos de las plantas. Estos resultados indican el potencial biotecnológico tanto del extracto enzimático como el de la enzima pura de P. lilacinum siendo interesante además la capacidad del hongo de producir esta enzima utilizando un como sustrato un residuo de valor nulo, con lo cual sería de esperar que su costo de producción resulte relativamente bajo.

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Laura González-Blanco ◽  
Yolanda Diñeiro ◽  
Andrea Díaz-Luis ◽  
Ana Coto-Montes ◽  
Mamen Oliván ◽  
...  

The objective of this work was to demonstrate how the extraction method affects the reliability of biomarker detection and how this detection depends on the biomarker location within the cell compartment. Different extraction methods were used to study the sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of young bulls of the Asturiana de los Valles breed in two quality grades, standard (Control) or dark, firm, and dry (DFD) meat. Protein extractability and the expression of some of the main meat quality biomarkers—oxidative status (lipoperoxidation (LPO) and catalase activity (CAT)), proteome (SDS-PAGE electrophoretic pattern), and cell stress protein (Hsp70)—were analyzed. In the sarcoplasmic fraction, buffers containing Triton X-100 showed significantly higher protein extractability, LPO, and higher intensity of high-molecular-weight protein bands, whereas the TES buffer was more sensitive to distinguishing differences in the protein pattern between the Control and DFD meat. In the myofibrillar fraction, samples extracted with the lysis buffer showed significantly higher protein extractability, whereas samples extracted with the non-denaturing buffer showed higher results for LPO, CAT, and Hsp70, and higher-intensity bands in the electrophoretic pattern. These findings highlight the need for the careful selection of the extraction method used to analyze the different biomarkers considering their cellular location to adapt the extractive process.


2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Masini d'Avila-Levy ◽  
Rodrigo F Souza ◽  
Rosana C Gomes ◽  
Alane B Vermelho ◽  
Marta H Branquinha

Actively motile cells from a cured strain of Crithidia deanei released proteins in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The molecular mass of the released polypeptides, which included some proteinases, ranged from 19 to 116 kDa. One of the major protein bands was purified to homogeneity by a combination of anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatographs. The apparent molecular mass of this protein was estimated to be 62 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). The incorporation of gelatin into SDS–PAGE showed that the purified protein presented proteolytic activity in a position corresponding to a molecular mass of 60 kDa. The enzyme was optimally active at 37 °C and pH 6.0 and showed 25% of residual activity at 28 °C for 30 min. The proteinase was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA, showing that it belonged to the metalloproteinase class. A polyclonal antibody to the leishmanial gp63 reacted strongly with the released C. deanei protease. After Triton X-114 extraction, an enzyme similar to the purified metalloproteinase was detected in aqueous and detergent-rich phases. The detection of an extracellular metalloproteinase produced by C. deanei and some other Crithidia species suggests a potential role of this released enzyme in substrate degradation that may be relevant to the survival of trypanosomatids in the host.Key words: endosymbiont, trypanosomatid, extracellular, proteinase.


Blood ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Sprandio ◽  
SS Shapiro ◽  
P Thiagarajan ◽  
S McCord

Using a platelet glycoprotein Ib (GpIb)-specific monoclonal antibody, AP-1, we have studied cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) for the presence of GpIb. Radiolabeled AP-1 bound specifically and saturably to HUVEC in suspension and detected a single class of binding sites (100,000/cell). When Triton X-100 extracts of HUVEC were chromatographed on wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-Sepharose, radioiodinated, precipitated with AP-1, and subjected to reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), major radioactive bands of 228,000, 145,000, and 130,000 were seen. The latter two bands correspond to the 156,000 and 140,000 bands, representing GpIb alpha and glycocalicin, respectively, which are seen when platelets are subjected to the same procedure. The 228,000 band corresponds to a band previously noted in immunoprecipitates of platelet GpIb but not fully explained. When HUVEC were grown in the presence of 35S-methionine, extracted with Triton X-100, chromatographed on WGA-Sepharose, immunoprecipitated with AP-1, and subjected to reduced SDS-PAGE, radioactive bands of 210,000, 156,000, and 90,000 were seen. We conclude that cultured HUVEC synthesize and express on their surface a glycoprotein immunologically related to platelet GpIb.


1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-917
Author(s):  
M Sanecka-Obacz

Protein kinases tightly associated with chick embryo brain ribosomes washed with Triton X-100 and KCl were characterized by their ability to phosphorylate ribosomes and two exogenous substrates, histone IIA and casein. c-AMP-dependent kinase (PKA) and casein kinases (CK1, CK2) were examined in the presence of specific modulators by SDS/PAGE followed by renaturation in gel assay according to Kameshita & Fujisawa (Anal. Biochem. 1989, 183, 139-143). Basing on these data it can be presumed that PKA activity increases, but the levels of CK2 and CK1 decrease during chick embryo development.


1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Lenart ◽  
J Haplova ◽  
P Magdolen ◽  
V Farkas ◽  
G Palamarczyk

The membrane-bound sterolglucoside synthase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been solubilized by nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40, Triton X-100, and partially purified by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and ammonium sulfate fractionation. SDS/PAGE of the purified fraction revealed the presence of two protein bands of molecular mass 66 kDa and 54 kDa. In an attempt to identify further the polypeptide chain of sterolglucoside synthase, the partially purified enzyme was treated with [di-125I]-5-[3-(p-azidosalicylamide)]allyl-UDPglucose, a photoactive analogue of UDP glucose, which is a substrate for this enzyme. Upon photolysis the 125I-labeled probe was shown to link covalently to the 66 kDa protein. The photoinsertion was competed out by the presence of unlabeled UDPglucose thus suggesting that this protein contains substrate binding site for UDPglucose. Since photoinsertion of the probe to protein of 66 kDa correlates with the molecular mass of the protein visualized upon enzyme purification we postulate that the 66 kDa protein is involved in sterolglucoside synthesis in yeast.


2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1196-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige C. Geiger ◽  
Mark J. Cody ◽  
Rebecca L. Macken ◽  
Megan E. Bayrd ◽  
Gary C. Sieck

We hypothesize that 1) the effect of denervation (DNV) is more pronounced in fibers expressing fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and 2) the effect of DNV on maximum specific force reflects a reduction in MHC content per half sarcomere or the number of cross bridges in parallel. Studies were performed on single Triton X-100-permeabilized fibers activated at a pCa (−log Ca2+ concentration) of 4.0. MHC content per half sarcomere was determined by densitometric analysis of SDS-PAGE gels and comparison to a standard curve of known MHC concentrations. After 2 of wk DNV, the maximum specific force of fibers expressing MHC2X was reduced by ∼40% (MHC2Bexpression was absent), whereas the maximum specific force of fibers expressing MHC2A and MHCslow decreased by only ∼20%. DNV also reduced the MHC content in fibers expressing MHC2X, with no effect on fibers expressing MHC2A and MHCslow. When normalized for MHC content per half sarcomere, force generated by DNV fibers expressing MHC2X and MHC2A was decreased compared with control fibers. These results suggest the force per cross bridge is also affected by DNV.


1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2973-2987 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Horst ◽  
D M Forestner ◽  
J C Besharse

The ciliary base is marked by a transition zone in which Y-shaped cross-linkers extend from doublet microtubules to the plasma membrane. Our goal was to investigate the hypothesis that the cross-linkers form a stable interaction between membrane or cell surface components and the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton. We have combined Triton X-100 extraction with lectin cytochemistry in the photoreceptor sensory cilium to investigate the relationship between cell surface glycoconjugates and the underlying cytoskeleton, and to identify the cell surface components involved. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds heavily to the cell surface in the region of the Y-shaped cross-linkers of the neonatal rat photoreceptor cilium. WGA binding is not removed by prior digestion with neuraminidase and succinyl-WGA also binds the proximal cilium, suggesting a predominance of N-acetylglucosamine containing glycoconjugates. Extraction of the photoreceptor plasma membrane with Triton X-100 removes the lipid bilayer, leaving the Y-shaped crosslinkers associated with the axoneme. WGA-binding sites are found at the distal ends of the crosslinkers after Triton X-100 extraction, indicating that the microtubule-membrane cross-linkers retain both a transmembrane and a cell surface component after removal of the lipid bilayer. To identify glycoconjugate components of the cross-linkers we used a subcellular fraction enriched in axonemes from adult bovine retinas. Isolated, detergent-extracted bovine axonemes show WGA binding at the distal ends of the cross-linkers similar to that seen in the neonatal rat. Proteins of the axoneme fraction were separated by SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose. WGA labeling of the nitrocellulose transblots reveals three glycoconjugates, all of molecular mass greater than 400 kD. The major WGA-binding glycoconjugate has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 600 kD and is insensitive to prior digestion with neuraminidase. This glycoconjugate may correspond to the dominant WGA-binding component seen in cytochemical experiments.


1987 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 988-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Aguet ◽  
G Merlin

mAbs against human IFN-gamma (huIFN-gamma) receptors were obtained by immunizing a BALB/c mouse with eluates from immobilized recombinant huIFN-gamma (rhuIFN-gamma) on which lysates of enriched Raji cell membranes had been adsorbed. mAbs were selected for competitive inhibition of receptor binding of 125I-labeled rhuIFN-gamma. The following additional properties suggest that these antibodies are specific for huIFN-gamma receptors: they bind to the surface of human cells expressing IFN-gamma receptors but not to heterologous cells; this binding is inhibited competitively by addition of rhuIFN-gamma; the number of binding sites revealed by direct binding of 125I-labeled rhuIFN-gamma correlates with the amount of antigen recognized by the mAbs on different cell lines. A Triton X-100 extract of a membrane-enriched fraction of human Raji cells was affinity purified with these mAbs and the eluates from such columns were further purified on immobilized rhuIFN-gamma. As revealed by SDS-PAGE, the final eluate contained two major protein bands with approximate Mr of 90,000 (p90) and 50,000 (p50), respectively. Both proteins were able to specifically bind 125I-labeled rhuIFN-gamma upon electroblotting to nitrocellulose. This binding could be inhibited by the huIFN-gamma receptor mAbs, suggesting that the same epitopes are recognized on p90, p50, and on the cell surface. Therefore, these proteins most likely represent at least a part of huIFN-gamma receptors.


Author(s):  
B P Schick ◽  
C J Walsh ◽  
T Jenkins-West

We investigated changes in sulfated proteoglycan (PG) and sulfated protein synthesis during megakaryocyte (MK) maturation in vivo by characterizing the (35S)-labeled molecules in MKs and platelets (PLTs) obtained daily from 3 hr to 5 days after injection of guinea pigs with (35S)sulfate. Radioactivity in macromolecules was maximal in MKs 3 hr and in PLTs 3 days after the injection. The cells were solubilized in 8M urea/50mM Tris/0.2% Triton X-100/0.1M NaCl, and PGs and sulfoproteins were separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. PGs (65% of cell 35s) were eluted as two fractions, one (PG-1, 87%) with 4M Gdn HC1 and another (PG-2, 13%) with 4M Gdn HCl/2% TX-100. The Kav of PLT PG-1 on Sepharose CL-6B shifted gradually from 0.18 to 0.10 from 1-5 days after (35S) injection, and the smaller and larger PG-1 species were resolved on SDS-PAGE by fluorography. The size of PG-1 molecules was a function of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain length. The appearance of the different size PG-1 molecules in PLTs was accounted for by their disappearance from MKs over the same time period. Thus the size of the PG-1 synthesized by MKs decreased with MK maturation. The (35S)-PG-2 appeared in PLTs only 2-3 days after (35S) injection, had Kav 0.07 on CL-6B, but had GAGs of the same average size as those of PG-1. The hydrophobic character of PG-2 suggests that it might be the membrane PG. PG-1 and PG-2 were separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by fluorography. The core proteins of PG-1 and PG-2 were obtained by chondroitinase digestion and identified by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. The GAGs of PG-1 and PG-2 were almost entirely chondroitin-6-sulfate. The average size of PG-1 was 200,000 and its GAGs about 45,000.The sulfated proteins (20-25% of total cell 35S) eluted in the wash-through of the DEAE-Sephacel column and with 0.23M NaCl. Their isoelectric points were 4.0-6.5. They eluted as a small peak near the V0 and a major broad peak from Kav 0.3-0.6 on CL-6B columns, and could be identified as at least 8 distinct bands on SDS-PAGE by fluorography. Digestion with NaOH/NaBH4, Pronase or papain released small (35S)-labeled fragments, and the (35S) appeared to be associated with oligosaccharides. The sulfoproteins appeared in PLTs primarily 2-4 days after (35S) injection, and different proteins were labeled at different time points.


1995 ◽  
Vol 308 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
I N Fleming ◽  
S J Yeaman

N-Ethylmaleimide-insensitive phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP; EC 3.1.3.4) was purified 5900-fold from rat liver. The enzyme was solubilized from membranes with octylglucoside, fractionated with (NH4)2SO4, and purified in the presence of Triton X-100 by chromatography on Sephacryl S300, hydroxyapatite, heparin-Sepharose and Affi-Gel Blue. Silver-stained SDS/PAGE indicated that the enzyme was an 83 kDa polypeptide. Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration also produced a second peak of enzyme activity, which was eluted from all of the chromatography columns at a different position from the purified enzyme. SDS/PAGE indicated that it contained three polypeptides (83 kDa, 54 kDa and 34 kDa), and gel filtration suggested that it was not an aggregate of the purified enzyme. Both forms were sensitive to inhibition by amphiphilic amines, Mn2+ and Zn2+, but not by N-ethylmaleimide. Purified PAP required detergent for activity, but was not activated by Mg2+, fatty acids or phospholipids. The enzyme was able to dephosphorylate lysophosphatidic acid or phosphatidic acid, and was inhibited by diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol. No evidence was obtained for regulation of PAP by reversible phosphorylation.


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