Further to the Eastern Policy of Alexander Nevsky

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
С.А. Маслова
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Mongol Rule

В статье рассмотрена восточная политика Александра Ярославича Невского – история его взаимодействия с монголами. В работе последовательно изложены сведения источников о контактах русского князя с представителями монгольской власти, предложена трактовка событий. Александр Ярославич довольно активно взаимодействовал с монголами. Зачастую эти действия носили вынужденный характер. Задача исследования – оценить характер политики Александра Невского по отношению к завоевателям. Анализ источников позволил сделать вывод о стремлении князя установить мирные отношения с монголами. Он взвешенно оценивал возможности Монгольской империи и русских земель. Александр Невский придерживался политики непротивления административным решениям монгольских властей. Действия Александра Ярославича нельзя связать с установлением системы монгольского господства в русских землях. Во время его княжения произошло только упорядочение системы сбора податей. В целом восточную политику Александра можно назвать прагматичной и соответствующей историческим реалиям Руси второй половины XIII в. The article considers the "Eastern" policy of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky: his relationship with the Mongols. The author presents in detail the sourced information on the contacts between the Russian Prince and representatives of the Mongol authorities, offering her own interpretation of the events. Alexander Yaroslavich would often engage with the Mongols. Quite often by necessity, though not by choice. The study aims to estimate the nature of Alexander Nevsky's policy towards the invaders. Having analyzed the sources, the author concludes that the Russian prince attempted to make peace with the invaders. Alexander Nevsky was realistic about the potential of the Mongols and the Russians. He maintained the strategy of nonresistance to the Mongol authorities. However, we cannot associate the establishment of Mongol rule with Alexander Nevsky's actions. During his reign, only the taxation arrangement took place. Generally, Prince Alexander's relations with the East were strictly pragmatic in compliance with the Russian historical environment of the second half of the 13th century.

Christianity and Judaism under Islam in Medieval Iraq: Da'ûd al-Muqammas and Sa'd b. Mansûr Ibn Kammûna

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Karin Almbladh
Keyword(s):  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Mongol Rule

In the present paper two attitudes towards Christianity among Jews in Medieval Iraq are discussed, viz. Da'ûd al-Muqammas (second half of the 9th century) and Sa'd b. Mansûr Ibn Kammûna (second half of the 13th century). Da'ûd al-Muqammas was writing in a period when Christianity may have been an attractive alternative for intellectual Jews. His major work still available, 'Ishrûn Maqâla, "Twenty chapters", is an anti-Christian tract demonstrating the continuing validity of Judaism. Addressing a Gentile readership in his Tanqîh al-abhâth li'l-milal al-thalâth, "The examination of the inquiries into the three faiths", Sa'd b. Mansûr Ibn Kammûna upholds the validity of Judaism and Christianity against the claims of Islam in a period when Islam had been reduced to the same status as Judaism and Christianity in the early Mongol rule of Iraq.

Bukhara under the Mongols

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hope
Keyword(s):  
Political Capital ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Period ◽  
Religious Scholarship ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Mongol Rule

In Muharram ah 617/March 1220 ce Chinggis Khan led his armies to Bukhara as part of a larger campaign against the Khwārazmshāh Empire (616–621/1220–1225). The city quickly surrendered and was rapidly integrated into the growing Mongol Empire. In the subsequent decades, Bukhara enjoyed a speedy recovery under the stewardship of a series of Mongol officials, who patronized religious institutions, repaired the damage caused by the invasion, and mitigated some of the excesses of the Mongol armies stationed in Transoxania. Yet this revival was stunted in the second half of the 13th century when the Mongol Empire was divided by war. During this period different factions contested control of Transoxania, and Bukhara became the target of periodic raids and attacks. A full rehabilitation of the city had to wait until after 716/1317–1318, when alliances between the Mongol military elites and the popular religious leaders of Bukhara facilitated a new period of stability that would last until the fall of the last effective khan, Qazān Sultan, in 746/1346. Bukhara’s status as an intellectual, economic, and political capital of Transoxania was diminished during the period of Mongol rule. Samarqand was designated as the administrative capital of Transoxania for much of this period, and the presence of Mongol forces in Nakhshab saw Bukhara subordinated to the itinerate court of the Chaghadaid-Mongol princes. Nevertheless, the city continued to be seen as an important center of religious scholarship, and its prestige was boosted by the fact that it served as the base for two of the leading Sufi movements of its time, the Kubrawiyya and the Naqshbandiyya.

A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Alin Constantin Corfu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

"A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. The treatise generally known as De sphaera offered at the beginning of the 13th century a general image of the structure of the cosmos. In this paper I’m first trying to present a triple stake with which this treaty of Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 - c. 1256). This effort is intended to draw a context upon the treaty on which I will present in the second part of this paper namely, a short modern history of studying this treaty starting from the beginning of the 20th century up to this day. The first stake consists in the well-known episode of translation of the XI-XII centuries in the Latin milieu of the Greek and Arabic treaties. The treatise De sphaera taking over, assimilating and comparing some of the new translations of the texts dedicated to astronomy. The second Consists in the fact that Sacrobosco`s work can be considered a response to a need of renewal of the curriculum dedicated to astronomy at the University of Paris. And the third consists in the novelty and the need to use the De sphaera treatise in the Parisian University’s curriculum of the 13th century. Keywords: astronomy, translation, university, 13th Century, Sacrobosco, Paris, curriculum"

Continuidades y discontinuidades en la traducción de las locuciones prepositivas en los romanceamientos bíblicos medievales

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Viorica Codita
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
General Estoria

"Continuities and Discontinuities in the Translations of Prepositional Phrases in Medieval Biblical Texts. In this work we present an analysis of prepositional phrases in two contemporary translations, Biblia prealfonsí and the biblical part of General Estoria 4, on the basis of the Book of Ecclesiasticus. The aim of this study is to describe the state of variation of prepositional phrases in 13th century, delineating the similarities and divergences of solutions, and also to try to elucidate how much interferes the original Latin text, Vulgata, in the use of the prepositional phrases.

Alma Mater Studiorum. O genezie i początkach uniwersytetów

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Era ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of universities reaches the period of Ancient Greece when philosophy (sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, stoics and others) – the “Queen of sciences”, and the first institutions of higher education (among others, Plato’s Academy, Cassiodorus’ Vivarium, gymnasia) came into existence. Even before the new era, schools having the nature of universities existed also beyond European borders, including those in China and India. In the early Middle Ages, those types of schools functioned in Northern Africa and in the Near East (Baghdad, Cairo, Constantinople, cities of Southern Spain). The first university in the full meaning of the word was founded at the end of the 11th century in Bologna. It was based on a two-tiered education cycle. Following its creation, soon new universities – at first – in Italy, then (in the 12th and 13th century) in other European cities – were established. The author of the article describes their modes of operation, the methods of conducting research and organizing students’ education, the existing student traditions and customs. From the very beginning of the universities’ existence the study of law was part of their curricula, based primarily on the teaching of Roman law and – with time – the canon law. The rise of universities can be dated from the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity. In the 17th and 18th century they underwent a crisis which was successfully overcome at the end of the 19th century and throughout the following one.

Situs Menanga Solor Flores Timur: Jejak Islam di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Muhamad Murtadlo
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
On This Island ◽  
History Of

Solor Island, East Flores considered as one gate of the presence of three major religions (Islam, Catholicism, Christianity) in East Nusa Tenggara. The existence of Lohayong fort built by Portuguese (1566) became the beginning discussionabout history of religion in that area. This study was formulated to answer the question: whether Islam first present on the Solor Island? What kinds of evidencesthat prove of existence Islam on this island? Using archaeological and literature studies, the study concluded that there is some evidence like the presence of ulama Joe Pattiduri in Menanga at 13th century, the Fort of Menanga and the alliance of the five royal beach (Solor Watanlema). This facts also shows that Islam has been present before the Portuguese presence in the island. Keywords: Sites, Menanga, Watanlema Pulau Solor, Flores Timur menjadi saksi penting masuknya tiga agama besar (Islam, Katholik, Kristen) di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Keberadaan Benteng Lohayong yang dibangun Portugis (1566) menjadi awal diskusi masuknya agama di NTT. Penelitian ini dirumuskan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: apakah Islam lebih dahulu hadir di Pulau Solor? bukti apa saja yang bisa kita saksikan tentang Islam di Pulau Solor ini? Pendekatan kajian menggunakan studi arkeologi dan pustaka. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ada beberapa bukti seperti hadirnya ulama Joe Pattiduri di Menanga abad 13, keberadaan Benteng Menanga dan Aliansi 5 kerajaan pantai Solor Watanlema. Fakta ini juga menunjukkan bahwa bahwa Agama Islam telah hadir sebelum Portugis hadir di Pulau Solor. Kata-kata Kunci: Situs, Menanga, Watan Lema

The Fall of Tripoli in 1289 in the Perception of Christian Communities of the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.А. Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Religious Polemics

Abstract The article examines the conquest of the County of Tripoli by the Mamelukes in 1289, and the reaction of various Middle Eastern ethnoreligious groups to this event. Along with the Monophysite perspective (the Syriac chronicle of Bar Hebraeus’ Continuator and the work of the Coptic historian Mufaddal ibn Abi-l-Fadail), and the propagandist texts of Muslim Arabic panegyric poets, we will pay special attention to the historical memory of the Orthodox (Melkite) and Maronite communities of northern Lebanon. The contemporary of these events — the Orthodox author Suleiman al-Ashluhi, a native of one of the villages of the Akkar Plateau — laments the fall of Tripoli in his rhymed eulogy. It is noteworthy that this author belongs to the rural Melkite subculture, which — in spite of its conservative character — was capable of producing original literature. Suleiman al-Ashluhi’s work was forsaken by the following generations of Melkites; his poem was only preserved in Maronite manuscripts. Maronite historical memory is just as fragmented. The father of the Modern Era Maronite historiography — Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî († 1516) only had fragmentary information on the history of his people in the 13th century: local chronicles and the heroic epos that glorified the Maronite struggle against the Muslim lords that tried to conquer Mount Lebanon. Gabriel’s depiction of the past is not only biased and subject to aims of religious polemics, but also factually inaccurate. Nevertheless, the texts of Suleiman al-Ashluhi and Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî give us the opportunity to draw conclusions on the worldview, educational level, political orientation and peculiar traits of the historical memory of various Christian communities of Mount Lebanon.

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