Why Is Non-Economic Information Important to Carbon Disclosure?

Objective - The purpose of this study is to provide the argument that carbon disclosure must not only provide economic but also non-economic information. The more comprehensive disclosure of carbon emission is expected to change the behavior of industries in realizing a more environmentally friendly production process. Methodology/Technique - Data were collected through interviews and observation of documentations from three parties: the BOWL company, the Ministry of Forest and Environment and the Ministry of Industry. Findings - Results show that the rating program of the industry's performance in environmental management (PROPER) from the government's perspective is an instrument which can encourage and establish the industry's compliance and awareness of environmental management regulations. Novelty - This paper also focused on analysing how the government applies regulation approaches in changing the industry's paradigm to undertake ethical businesses. Type of Paper Empirical Keywords: Greenhouse Gases Emissions, Carbon Emissions Disclosure, Environmental Accountability, Non-Economic Information, Environmental Impact Assessment. JEL Classification: D82, M14.

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Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14071810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1810

Author(s):

Kaitong Xu ◽

Haibo Kang ◽

Wei Wang ◽

Ping Jiang ◽

Na Li

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Composite Beams ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Construction Process ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Carbon Emission Reduction ◽

The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

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Optimal Decisions for Two Risk-Averse Competitive Manufacturers under the Cap-and-Trade Policy and Uncertain Demand

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17031010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 1010 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hongxia Sun ◽

Jie Yang ◽

Yang Zhong

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Cap And Trade ◽

Carbon Emission Reduction ◽

Optimal Decisions ◽

The Government

With the increasingly serious problem of environmental pollution, reducing carbon emissions has become an urgent task for all countries. The cap-and-trade (C&T) policy has gained international recognition and has been adopted by several countries. In this paper, considering the uncertainty of market demand, we discuss the carbon emission reduction and price policies of two risk-averse competitive manufacturers under the C&T policy. The two manufacturers have two competitive behaviors: simultaneous decision making and sequential decision making. Two models were constructed for these behaviors. The optimal decisions, carbon emission reduction rate, and price were obtained from these two models. Furthermore, in this paper the effects of some key parameters on the optimal decision are discussed, and some managerial insights are obtained. The results show that the lower the manufacturers’ risk aversion level is, the higher their carbon emission reduction rate and utilities. As the carbon quota increases, the manufacturers’ optimal carbon reduction rate and utilities increase. Considering consumers’ environmental awareness, it is more beneficial for the government to reduce the carbon quota and motivate manufacturers’ internal enthusiasm for emission reduction. The government can, through macro control of the market, make carbon trading prices increase appropriately and encourage manufacturers to reduce carbon emissions.

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Impact of China's Environmental Decentralization on Carbon Emissions From Energy Consumption: An Empirical Study Based on the Dynamic Spatial Econometric Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-732000/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xianzhao Liu ◽

Xu Yang

Keyword(s):

Environmental Management ◽

Environmental Monitoring ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Econometric Model ◽

Fiscal Decentralization ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Spatial Econometric ◽

Management Power ◽

Administrative Decentralization

Abstract Facing the growing problem of carbon emission pollution, the scientific and reasonable division of environmental management power between governments is the premise and institutional foundation for realizing China's carbon emission reduction target in 2030. Although existing studies have focused on the relationship between Chinese decentralization and carbon emissions, most of them are based on fiscal decentralization indicators to depict China's environmental decentralization, lacking of systematic analysis and empirical test of institutional factors affecting carbon emissions from the perspective of environmental management. In this paper, we directly assess the environmental decentralization degree according to the allocation of environmental management personnel among different levels of government. By incorporating fiscal decentralization indicators, the provincial panel data and dynamic spatial econometric model are used to empirically test the impact of environmental decentralization on carbon emissions from spatial perspective. The study found that: (1) China's provincial carbon emissions have a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, showing a clear trend of high-high, low-low aggregation, and the carbon emissions of the previous period and the current have an obvious positive relationship. (2) At the national level, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization significantly reduce China's carbon emissions, while environmental supervision decentralization and fiscal decentralization significantly aggravate carbon emissions, which means that China's current environmental decentralization systems are generally conducive to carbon emission governance. The interaction between fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization with its decomposition indicators significantly promotes carbon emissions, and its impact is related to the category of environmental decentralization, indicating that when local governments have greater environmental management power and fiscal autonomy, the combination of the two will push up carbon emissions. (3) The carbon emission effects of environmental decentralization in different regions are spatially heterogeneous. In the central region, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental supervision decentralization can promote carbon emissions apart from environmental monitoring decentralization. In the western region, the carbon emission suppression effect of environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization is stronger than the eastern region, but the inhibitory effect of fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization with its decomposition index interaction on carbon emissions in the eastern region is significantly better than the central and western regions. The above results provide policy ideas and theoretical support for the construction of the environmental management system with long-term carbon emission control in China in terms of regional differences and categories of environmental management power.

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A Study on the Factors Affecting China’s Direct Household Carbon Emission and Comparison of Regional Differences

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11184919 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 4919 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jingbo Fan ◽

Aobo Ran ◽

Xiaomeng Li

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Man And Nature ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China has been attracting attention. In the global carbon emission structure, the proportion of household carbon emissions continues to increase, and it is necessary to focus on the issue of household emissions. Based on the perspective of the family sector and the comparison of urban–rural and interprovincial differences, this study makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the factors affecting direct household carbon emissions. The average carbon emission of urban households is higher than that of rural households. Both personal background and household energy consumption facility use have important impacts on household carbon emissions, and the degree of impact varies between urban and rural areas and between provinces. Reducing household carbon emissions and achieving a harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the common goals of the government and society. The government should explore the model of green sustainable development on the basis of ensuring the energy needs of residents. Residents should also further establish a low-carbon life concept and focus on the cultivation of low-carbon lifestyles.

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Carbon Emission Disclosure in Indonesia’s Manufacturing Companies

Accounting and Finance ◽

10.33146/2307-9878-2020-3(89)-148-154 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 148-154

Author(s):

Muhammad Bayu Triansyah ◽

◽

Mohamad Adam ◽

Tertiarto Wahyudi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Gender Diversity ◽

Company Size ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

The Government ◽

Business Entities ◽

And Gender ◽

Company Growth ◽

The Impact

In Indonesia, the government invites business actors to jointly reduce greenhouse gas emissions through disclosure of carbon emissions. Disclosure of carbon emissions in Indonesia is still voluntary (voluntary disclosure), so not all companies disclose this information in their reports. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of factors such as company size, profitability, company growth, environmental committees, and gender diversity on carbon emission disclosure by Indonesia’s manufacturing companies. For the study, the authors selected 16 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The activities of these companies are the subject of study. To measure the extent of the carbon emission disclosure, a checklist is developed based on the measurement sheet provided by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). The CDP is an organisation based in the United Kingdom which supports companies and cities to disclose the environmental impact of major corporations. The main idea of the project is that environmental reporting and risk management should become a business norm in order to ensure sustainable development of the economy. The study results show that company size has an effect on the level of carbon emission disclosure. The bigger is the company – the greater is the pressure that results from its economic activities. Therefore, the government and the public pay more attention to such business entities. It prompts the company to disclose its carbon emissions. At the same time, such factors as profitability, company growth, environmental committee and gender diversity do not affect on carbon emission disclosure. It was found that the level of carbon emission disclosure among Indonesia’s manufacturing companies is very low, and therefore the government and society need to take measures to increase the responsibility of business entities for environmental pollution.

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A Carbon Emission Measurement Method for Individual Travel Based on Transportation Big Data: The Case of Nanjing Metro

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165957 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5957 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wei Yu ◽

Tao Wang ◽

Yujie Xiao ◽

Jun Chen ◽

Xingchen Yan

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Smart Cards ◽

Complex Method ◽

Emission Measurement ◽

Carbon Reduction ◽

The Government

With the strengthening of environmental awareness, the government pays much more attention to environmental protection and thus implements carbon trading schemes to promote the reduction of global carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is an incentive mechanism for citizens to value their energy conservation and carbon reduction. Individual travel needs to rely on various means of transportation, resulting in energy consumption. Carbon tax or subsidy can only be carried out after carbon GSP accurately measures individual carbon emissions. The big data acquired from the smart cards of passengers’ travels provide the possibility for carbon emission accounting of individual travel. This research proposes a carbon emission measurement of individual travel. Through establishing the network model of the Nanjing metro with a complex method, the shortest path of the passengers’ travels is obtained. Combined with the origination–destination (OD) records of the smart cards, the total distance of the passengers’ travels is obtained. By selecting the operation table to estimate the carbon emissions generated by the daily operation of the subway system, the carbon emissions per kilometer or per time of passenger travel are finally obtained. With the accurate tracking of carbon emissions for individual travel, the government may establish a comprehensive monitoring system so as to establish a carbon tax and carbon supplement mechanism for citizens.

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Carbon Tax and Trading Price on Power Plant with Carbon Capture and Storage under Incentive Regulation Theory

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2020/8509834 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Huan Zhang ◽

Xinxin Xu ◽

Jianli Jiang ◽

Meimei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Power Plants ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Emission Quota ◽

The Government ◽

Low Efficiency

This paper investigates how the government can develop subsidies or tax policies to incent power plants to effectively carry out carbon capture to reduce carbon emissions. According to the government’s incentive model for carbon capture power plants, the regulation mechanism is developed when government controls carbon emission. When regional or national carbon emission quota is tense, significant effect can be obtained when regulators make regulations to take off low efficiency power plants. In addition, it is verified that the regulators should not blindly pursue a reduction in carbon emissions regardless of the cost. Therefore, regulators need to pay more attention to control the costs of carbon capture equipment and technology. Finally, by parametric and numerical analyses, the conditions of the power plant to maximize corporate surplus are further studied.

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A critical review on the environmental impact of manufacturing: a holistic perspective

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology ◽

10.1007/s00170-021-07980-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vasiliki Christina Panagiotopoulou ◽

Panagiotis Stavropoulos ◽

George Chryssolouris

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Factor ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Emission Factors ◽

System Level ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions

AbstractManufacturing sector is considered to be the second highest contributor in greenhouse gases emissions in EU, secondary to energy sector. The environmental impact of products, processes, and infrastructures of manufacturing is defined as the mass equivalent of carbon dioxide emissions, also known as carbon footprint, because carbon dioxide accounts for the largest portion of greenhouse gases emissions. The aim of this review is to show the impact of manufacturing on carbon emissions and to investigate the importance of carbon emission factors on the carbon footprint of manufacturing. This was performed via (1) mapping and categorizing the sources of carbon emission at process, machine, and system level; (2) identifying the weight factor of carbon emissions factors via sensitivity analysis; and (3) determining which carbon emission factor has the heaviest contribution in carbon footprint calculation. In all examples of the sensitivity analysis, it was shown that carbon emission factor for electrical energy was the only contributing factor at process level while being the strongest at machine level. At system level, the strongest contributor was the carbon emission factor for material production. To reduce the carbon emissions, one must identify the tuneable parameters at process, machine, and system level, from material, machine tool, and energy point of view. However, the highest reduction in carbon footprint can be achieved by reducing the carbon emission factors of electrical energy using renewable power sources such as solar or wind and by reducing the carbon emission factors for material production using recycling materials as “raw” material.

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Enterprise Production and Emission Reduction Strategy under Carbon Emission Constraint

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/6039134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Simin Zhang ◽

Qi Li

Keyword(s):

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Main Concern ◽

Carbon Trading ◽

Trading System ◽

Reduction Strategy ◽

The Government

According to China’s 14th Five-Year Development Plan, China aims to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutral by 2060, which will be a major strategy for China to implement in the coming period of time. All kinds of industries need to take the industry characteristics into account and gradually form relative carbon reduction targets according to the National Carbon Summit Action Program. Under the constraints of carbon emission reduction, enterprises face trade-off when making emission reduction decisions. How to systematically optimize the profitable and environmentally friendly decisions, under the consideration of carbon emission production, is gradually becoming a main concern of regulated enterprises. In this paper, a Cournot game model is constructed to explore optimal production carbon abatement decisions for two oligopolistic firms, under the governance of a cap-and-trade mechanism. Real case data collected from China’s airlines is an example to test the validity of our model. The qualitative analysis shows that, through a reasonable output and emission reduction investment, companies are capable of efficiently minimizing the negative impact brought about by the carbon trading system. A numerical experiment indicates that the companies on one side can reach a decision equilibrium in some circumstances, but on the other side, there exists a lack of incentive to reduce their emissions. Additional government incentives or increased investment in technological improvements will be needed to encourage companies to further reduce carbon emissions. In this paper, while analyzing the choice of emission reduction strategy for enterprises under the carbon trading system, it also provides effective emission reduction approaches for the government and industry managers, hoping to provide some references for the establishment of emission reduction system and policy formulation.

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COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY AND CARBON EMISSIONS OF FILAMENT ELECTRIC STOVES AND INDUCTION ELECTRIC STOVES

JURNAL NEUTRINO ◽

10.18860/neu.v14i1.13008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19

Author(s):

Yuant Tiandho ◽

Fitri Afriani

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Energy Use ◽

Energy Sustainability ◽

Carbon Emission Reduction ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government

Issues related to energy sustainability and carbon emission reduction are continuously being concerned by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. Various efforts and programs have been launched to achieve targets of the related issues. As known that energy use for cooking by the household is continuously increasing in relation to population growth that will of course increase in energy need which relates to the sustainability of presence energy and carbon emission. Accordingly, the LPG stove conversion program to an electric stove was introduced in order to achieve the target to solve such issues. This paper compared of efficiency and carbon emissions of both electric filament stoves and induction stoves. The result indicated that the induction stove has better efficiency compared with the electric stove. The study also was proved that the carbon emissions for both types of stoves were relatively low in comparison with LPG stoves. However, the enormous operational power of the induction stove is still a challenge that must be resolved to achieve the target of energy sustainability in Indonesia.

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