BASIC POLITICAL VALUES

In the article, from the point of view of the theory of values, the main categories of political philosophy are considered: politics, management, power. The tribal community was governed by rituals and taboos. In civil society, it is necessary to develop an order of relations between strangers, and for this it is necessary to adopt some rules of behavior that become laws and develop into legal codes, sets of legal norms. Two circumstances are of fundamental importance in the functioning of social roles: due to the fact that the social role is a secondary and transformed form of personality, it represents, replaces one, several or many personalities. The phenomenon of representation is dialectically accompanied by its reverse side – the personification of a social role. The performer of a particular social role, occupying a position, being nominated for a particular post, being endowed with a certain rank, rank or degree and title, not only freely, but also out of necessity identifies himself and his social position.

Institutional Investors’ Shareholding, Control Transfer and Corporate Performance

Based on the data of listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2013 to 2018, this paper analyzes the impact of institutional investors’ shareholding on corporate performance and discusses the intermediary role of control transfer and the moderating role of management power. The results show that institutional investors’ shareholding and control transfer have significant positive effects on corporate performance. Control transfer plays a partial mediating role between institutional investors’ shareholding and corporate performance. Management power has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between institutional investors’ shareholding and a control transfer. This paper provides a new theoretical explanation and empirical evidence for institutional investors to improve corporate performance from the perspective of control transfer, reveals the mechanism of management power in the process of a control transfer, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of institutional investors.

THE INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT POWER ON ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE

According to the statistics, from 1980 to 2017, China's economy and investment both showed a tendency of rapid growth, in which the average annual growth rate of GDP was as high as 9%. However, in the process of rapid macroeconomic growth, inefficient enterprise development is found to be hidden at the microlevel, which is caused by the agency conflict between shareholders and managers and the separation of enterprise ownership from the management board. Therefore, in pursuit of personal profit maximization, management tends to have self-serving and inefficient investment behaviors and decisions with the power at hand, thus greatly affecting the performance of enterprises. As a necessary supplement, internal control is substantially an institutional arrangement that is aimed to maximize the realization of organizational goals, coordinate and maintain the relationship of interests between enterprise stakeholders, and avoid the conflicts of interests, which is a significant component of corporate internal governance. The issue concerned in this paper is that in the context of the existing corporate governance system in China, what influence does management power have on enterprise performance? In this paper, the influence of management power on enterprise performance is empirically tested, and recommendations for effective supervision and control of management power systems are provided, as they are expected to have a positive effect on improving enterprise performance and protecting the interests of minority shareholders.

Impact of China's Environmental Decentralization on Carbon Emissions From Energy Consumption: An Empirical Study Based on the Dynamic Spatial Econometric Model

Facing the growing problem of carbon emission pollution, the scientific and reasonable division of environmental management power between governments is the premise and institutional foundation for realizing China's carbon emission reduction target in 2030. Although existing studies have focused on the relationship between Chinese decentralization and carbon emissions, most of them are based on fiscal decentralization indicators to depict China's environmental decentralization, lacking of systematic analysis and empirical test of institutional factors affecting carbon emissions from the perspective of environmental management. In this paper, we directly assess the environmental decentralization degree according to the allocation of environmental management personnel among different levels of government. By incorporating fiscal decentralization indicators, the provincial panel data and dynamic spatial econometric model are used to empirically test the impact of environmental decentralization on carbon emissions from spatial perspective. The study found that: (1) China's provincial carbon emissions have a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, showing a clear trend of high-high, low-low aggregation, and the carbon emissions of the previous period and the current have an obvious positive relationship. (2) At the national level, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization significantly reduce China's carbon emissions, while environmental supervision decentralization and fiscal decentralization significantly aggravate carbon emissions, which means that China's current environmental decentralization systems are generally conducive to carbon emission governance. The interaction between fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization with its decomposition indicators significantly promotes carbon emissions, and its impact is related to the category of environmental decentralization, indicating that when local governments have greater environmental management power and fiscal autonomy, the combination of the two will push up carbon emissions. (3) The carbon emission effects of environmental decentralization in different regions are spatially heterogeneous. In the central region, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental supervision decentralization can promote carbon emissions apart from environmental monitoring decentralization. In the western region, the carbon emission suppression effect of environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization and environmental monitoring decentralization is stronger than the eastern region, but the inhibitory effect of fiscal decentralization and environmental decentralization with its decomposition index interaction on carbon emissions in the eastern region is significantly better than the central and western regions. The above results provide policy ideas and theoretical support for the construction of the environmental management system with long-term carbon emission control in China in terms of regional differences and categories of environmental management power.

Strategi Pembinaan dan Pendampingan Koperasi Peternak Sapi Perah Dalam Mendukung Keberlangsungan Koperasi Dan Ketahanan Ekonomi Anggota (Studi di KUD Sinar Jaya)

The purpose of this study to examine the use of mentoring and coaching strategies in dairy farmer cooperatives as a means of improving cooperative performance. at this time, cooperatives must survive and maintain the success of their organizations at the highest level because of the high expectations of cooperative stakeholders. Taking place in such a fierce competitive environment requires a more effective and efficient attitude through increasing the capability of the cooperative management staff. Coaching and mentoring can be the key to success for cooperative organizations in maintaining the competitiveness and management power of cooperatives. The research findings show that the problems in cooperative management and accounting have not been achieved as their best. Most of the accounting staff do not understand the accounting process and in the end the financial reports are not sufficient to meet the needs of cooperative users. This research focuses on assisting the accounting process and cooperative management as a support activity for cooperative activities, which will be a source of motivation and an effective performance booster not only for cooperatives but also for management and staff.

Knowledge Graph of China’s Executive Compensation Gap: Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace

This study selected 473 local research articles on executive compensation from core journals in the China Academic Journals (CNKI) full-text database and the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) from 2003 to 2020. Then, the bibliometric analysis method was adopted and conducted in regard to the number of articles published, authors, research institutions, high-frequency keywords, etc. In view of the increasing studies of this field, this study showed that a few scholars and institutions with high academic influence have been involved in the research on executive compensation gap in China. The results from this study revealed that the research on the relationship between executive compensation gap and firm performance as well as the moderating variables between them were topics of interests. In the context of the increasing compensation gap which had become a global interest, the research on management power and promotion incentives have established their significance as important research frontiers.

Freely scalable and reconfigurable optical hardware for deep learning

As deep neural network (DNN) models grow ever-larger, they can achieve higher accuracy and solve more complex problems. This trend has been enabled by an increase in available compute power; however, efforts to continue to scale electronic processors are impeded by the costs of communication, thermal management, power delivery and clocking. To improve scalability, we propose a digital optical neural network (DONN) with intralayer optical interconnects and reconfigurable input values. The path-length-independence of optical energy consumption enables information locality between a transmitter and a large number of arbitrarily arranged receivers, which allows greater flexibility in architecture design to circumvent scaling limitations. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate optical multicast in the classification of 500 MNIST images with a 3-layer, fully-connected network. We also analyze the energy consumption of the DONN and find that digital optical data transfer is beneficial over electronics when the spacing of computational units is on the order of $$>10\,\upmu $$ > 10 μ m.

Bioróżnorodność i różne modele niepełnosprawności w kontekście filozofii Michela Foucaulta

Disability is a phenomenon considered from different perspectives. I suggest tracking the history of the perception of disability with an indication of the dominant ways of perceiving this phenomenon at a given period of time. The analysis is conducted with particular emphasis on the attitude developed by Michel Foucault. The knowledge presented by Foucault regarding authority, body, disability and change is treated as a framework to which the emerging models of disability, in particular the medical, functional and social, is written in turn. This review and analysis is intended to lead to a place where the view on the biodiversity as an opportunity to escape from the management, power over disabled bodies. As a result of this work, the final section of the text presents an analysis of the theoretical situation of the lack of power of other members of society over people with disabilities.