scholarly journals Tribes, Government and History in Yemen

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
William C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
Do So

This book is complex and, at points, obscure. Yet it is also an exceptionallyrich collection of information about trihal identity and ethos in Yemen and, forscholars with a special interest in Yemeni society, can be a valuable resource.The author orients much of his material toward two main questions, neither ofwhich I formulated explicitly: How can tribal political organization and statelegal institutions co-exist, not only for brief moments but for over 1,000 years?and How have the names and boundaries of tribal territories been preserved withlittle change for such a long time?The answer to the first question is on p. 165: " ... the hijrah [in YemeniArabic: a protected space or person] provided the point around which both statesof the world turned: strong Imams fheads of state] and weak. It could do so because it meant different things to different people.” The first 150 pages of thebook, especially chapters 2 (“The Language of Honour”), 3 (“Tribes andCollective Action”) and 4 (“Estates of Society within the Tribal Peace”), lead upto and persuaded us to accept the conclusion that the mutual recognition by thestate and by the tribes of neutral zones and people in tribal territories facilitatedtrade, tribe-state communication, and contact between literate Islamic specialistsand illiterate farmers and stock-breeders. Even when the interests of the tribesand the state were directly opposed (for instance, in controlling roads and determiningrates of taxation), violent conflicts between tribe and state were keptpartly in check by tribal custom, just as they were when tribe clashed with tribe(see pp. 267, 268, 379-387) ...

Conducting Research on Muslims in the Age of Dichotomies: Ethics, Politics and Responsibilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Ahmet Erdi Özturk ◽  
Deina Abdelkader
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Central Element ◽  
The State ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Do So

Global politics has always existed in an environment brimming with intricacies and transformations. Wars, natural disasters and treaties have both directly and indirectly impacted the state of global politics in addition to societies and individuals. These interactions certainly influence the flow of history while concurrently dictating the relationships between societies. Identity and its constitutive elements have consistently occupied a determinant position in this context and continue to do so (Gellner 1987;  Gurses and Ozturk 2020; Douglas 2003; Daniel 2017). And pre-eminent among these and, no doubt, one of the most primal codes of identity is religion (Lybarger 2018; Ozturk 2021; Cassese and Holman 2017). Contrary to arguments that the world is becoming secularised, and that secularisation is an inevitable phenomenon, religion has persistently once more that it is more durable relative to various other normative values, and it persistently emphasises its presence in individuals, societies and politics (Saeed 2017; Fox 2019; Haynes and Wilson 2019). This indicates that religion will maintain this degree of influence for a very long time. We have both witnessed numerous incidents in which religion was a central element and, it seems, will continue to observe myriad instances demonstrating religion’s influence as an auxiliary actor.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Teo Ballvé
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
Do So

This introductory chapter briefly explores the ways in which imaginaries of statelessness have structured the political life of Urabá, Colombia. It argues that Colombia's violent conflicts have produced surprisingly coherent and resilient regimes of accumulation and rule—yet this is not to say they are benevolent. In order to do so, this chapter approaches the state as a dynamic ensemble of relations that is both an effect and an instrument of competing political strategies and relations of power. In Urabá, groups from across the political spectrum, armed and otherwise, all end up trying to give concrete coherence to the inherently unwieldy abstraction of the state in a space where it supposedly does not exist. The way this absence exerts a generative political influence is what this chapter establishes as the “frontier effect.” The frontier effect describes how the imaginary of statelessness in these spaces compels all kinds of actors to get into the business of state formation; it thrusts groups into the role of would-be state builders.

Esther Simpson: A Correspondence

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Broda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Academic Assistance ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Musical Activities

Among the hundreds of Austrian refugees who arrived in Britain in 1938 after Hitler annexed Austria was the author's father, Engelbert Broda, who shortly afterwards was joined by his wife Hildegard. Engelbert Broda later made contact with the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning (SPSL), and it was through Esther Simpson, the long-time Secretary of the SPSL, that Charles Goodeve took him on to work on visual purple (rhodopsin), a vital component of the human retina. This chapter presents a selection of letters between Esther Simpson and Engelbert Broda. The extracts given here relate to the foundation of the Academic Assistance Council, Esther Simpson's beliefs, Engelbert Broda's memories much later of what her help had meant to him personally, and the state of the world. Other regular topics are their work, her musical activities, and the comings and goings of mutual friends including L. Kowarski, J. Guéron, and O. R. Frisch, all of whom they knew from Cambridge days. The emphasis in this selection is in representing Esther Simpson's own attitudes and achievements in her own words.

Hezbollah, A Social Entrepreneur?

Hezbollah ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
Aurélie Daher
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
Welfare Institution ◽  
Do So

It seems to be a universally accepted thesis that Hezbollah's mobilization derives its strength from the party's vast clientelist network of social and welfare institutions that are woven through the Shiite community. However, calling Hezbollah an employer and welfare organization, or even a "state within the state", overstates the case. There is no question that the party to some extent performs the functions of a state that for all intents and purposes is largely missing from the Shiite areas of the country. But Hezbollah does not have exclusive pride of place in this regard, since most Lebanese political parties, as well as many prominent political figures, for a long time have operated networks of social welfare associations, and continue to do so, quite dynamically in some cases. It is true that among all Lebanese extra-governmental institutions active in Shiite areas, Hezbollah ranks near the top, when it is not ranked first, but a careful reading of its performance relative to the community's size proves that the party cannot boast of being its welfare institution.

scholarly journals A Kantian Account of Emotions as Feelings1

Mind ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (514) ◽  
pp. 429-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alix Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Moral Agency ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Distinct Role ◽  
Do So

Abstract The aim of this paper is to extract from Kant's writings an account of the nature of the emotions and their function – and to do so despite the fact that Kant neither uses the term ‘emotion’ nor offers a systematic treatment of it. Kant's position, as I interpret it, challenges the contemporary trends that define emotions in terms of other mental states and defines them instead first and foremost as ‘feelings’. Although Kant's views on the nature of feelings have drawn surprisingly little attention, I argue that the faculty of feeling has the distinct role of making us aware of the way our faculties relate to each other and to the world. As I show, feelings are affective appraisals of our activity, and as such they play an indispensable orientational function in the Kantian mind. After spelling out Kant's distinction between feeling and desire (§2), I turn to the distinction between feeling and cognition (§3) and show that while feelings are non-cognitive states, they have a form of derived-intentionality. §4 argues that what feelings are about, in this derived sense, is our relationship to ourselves and the world: they function as affective appraisals of the state of our agency. §5 shows that this function is necessary to the activity of the mind insofar as it is orientational. Finally, §6 discusses the examples of epistemic pleasure and moral contentment and argues that they manifest the conditions of cognitive and moral agency respectively.

Washing Away the Sins of Debt: The Nineteenth-Century Eradication of the Debtors' Prison

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
Do So ◽  
Reform Debate

AbstractThis article seeks to come to terms with the extraordinarily swift demise of the debtors' prison in multiple countries during the nineteenth century. While focusing primarily on the reform debate in England, I argue that the debtors' prison quickly came to be seen as a barbaric aberration within the expanding commercial life of the nineteenth century. By turning to a copious pamphletic literature from the era of its demise, I show how pamphleteers and eye-witnesses described the debtors' prison in the idiom of ritual; it was seen as a dangerous sanctuary that radically inverted all capitalistic economic practices and moral values of the world outside its walls. Reformers claimed that, inside these shrines of debt, citizens were ritually guided and transformed from active members of society into “knaves” or “idlers,” or both. As such, the debtors' prison needed to be eradicated. To do so, reformers mobilized at least three critical discourses, all of which sought to mark the debtors' prison as a zone of barbarism that threatened the civility of the state and its citizenry. By focusing on the debtors' prison as a powerful and transformative ritual zone, the article provides a counterintuitive history of this institution that was so crucial to the regulation of credit and debt relations for centuries. In so doing, the article contributes to a broader literature on the spatiality of debt.

The State of State Authority

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-45
Author(s):  
Melissa M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
State Control ◽  
Weak State ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
The World ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Original Measure ◽  
Accurate Reporting ◽  
Do So

This chapter defines state authority. To exercise state authority is to govern: to make and enforce rules and regulations, and to provide services. Today’s states are expected to regulate, enforce, tax, protect, and provide, and to do so evenly across the full extent of their territories. When the state governs all of its territory, its authority is consolidated. When the state’s authority is limited, contested, or absent altogether in particular parts of its territory, those spaces are undergoverned or ungoverned from the perspective of the state. The chapter then offers an empirical window into the state of state authority in the world, introducing an original measure of state authority. This measure proxies for state authority by estimating the accuracy of age information collected in population censuses. The accurate reporting of age data depends crucially on state authority and state presence; inaccuracies are therefore indicative of state weakness. This measure is used to examine variation in the spatial extent of state authority over territory both within countries and across countries in the developing world. The chapter also illustrates conditions in ungoverned and undergoverned spaces and contrasts the welfare consequences of weak state authority with consolidated state control.

scholarly journals Costumes, tradições e usos dos adolescentes da cidade de Barreirinhas (MA): há influências comportamentais dos visitantes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Aragão Saldanha ◽  
Leonardo Augusto Lobato Bello ◽  
Sílvia Helena Ribeiro Cruz
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The City ◽  
Behavioral Influences ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Do So

O objetivo do trabalho instalado é discorrer sobre aspectos gerais dos costumes, tradições e usos dos adolescentes, habitantes da cidade de Barreirinhas, no estado do Maranhão - ela que é a porta de acesso a uma das belezas naturais mais singulares do mundo, o Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. Para tanto, no que concerne a busca das informações inerentes, se estabelece (desde a pesquisa de campo, acontecida nas salas de aula do Instituto Federal do Maranhão, campus Barreirinhas) a metodologia quantitativa/qualitativa (dada a aplicação de um questionário estruturado e de todo analisado) que fundamenta a macro indagação -Há influências comportamentais dos visitantes sobre estes, visto a permanente proximidade entre ambos? Quanto aos resultados obtidos, estes apontam para as evidências de uma afirmativa, que culmina com o efeito imitação dos novos hábitos forasteiros, em crescente substituição aqueles ora vigentes. Costums, traditions and uses of the teenagers at Barreirinhas’ city (MA, Brazil): are there any comportamental influences of the visitors? ABSTRACT The purpose of the work is to discuss general aspects of customs, traditions and uses of adolescents, inhabitants of the city of Barreirinhas in the state of Maranhão - which is the gateway to one of the most unique beauties in the world, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park . To do so, as far as the search for inherent information is concerned, the quantitative / qualitative methodology (from the field research carried out in the Federal University of Maranhão classrooms Barreirinhas) is established (given the application of a structured questionnaire and all analyzed ) that underlies the macro inquiry - Are there behavioral influences of visitors on these, given the permanent proximity between them? As for the results obtained, they point to the evidence of an affirmation, culminating with the imitation effect of new alien habits, in increasing substitution those now in force. KEYWORDS: Costums; Adolescents; Barreirinhas; Behavioral Influences; Visitors.

Africa in World Affairs

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
John Karefa-Smart
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Do So

As Professor Carter has already told you, it was only a few weeks ago, actually a few days ago, really, that I finally agreed to come to talk to you, so that I'm sure you will not expect an academic discourse from me. I have already tried to tell Professor McKay that I'm not an academician like he is. He asked me if I was going to read a paper before you, and I said, “No, far from it, I will not read a paper; I will read from a paper, but those will be only very cursory notes.” I recognize that I'm speaking to a group of experts on African affairs, and I myself am far from being an expert on African affairs. I'm only an African. I also recognize that as experts you come from various strongholds of learning in this country, and you may be quite prepared to weigh me in the balance. If you do so, I only want to remind you that we're meeting in Washington and that I have some very powerful supporters here because Washington is Harvard territory, and I come from Harvard! Africa for the last few years has gradually come closer and closer to the center of attraction for people who are interested in the world as a whole. It is because of this process of looking in on Africa that we have increasingly the kind of academic interest in the continent which has led to the rapid development of departments of African affairs and special projects of African studies in your universities and colleges, which has led to the excellent programs such as Dr. Jim Robinson's Operations Crossroads (most useful to us in Africa), which has led to President Kennedy's Peace Corps taking such deep roots so quickly on the African continent, which has led to an increasing amount of space in the journals and news media, of not only this country but of other western countries which deal with Africa. And this looking in on Africa is something which we as Africans of course are delighted about, because for a long time we have felt that we have been the forgotten continent.

scholarly journals Trauma Societies and their Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Zhan T. Toshchenko
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Trauma Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Expert Community

The development of civilization at the present stage faced with a phenomenon that is still poorly studied and little known, which we call trauma society. The fact is that meaningful, prominent and significant events are taking place in the world, which cannot be defined and qualified in the previous terms – evolution and revolution, which describe and reflect the current changes. At present, there are 53 States that, according to the world Bank, have been or are in a state of chaotic, unbalanced and turbulent development for a long period of time. Countries that are stagnating in their development for a long time or are in a state of recession and are losing previously achieved milestones are considered to be trauma societies. Special attention is paid to Russia, which, according to the author, can be attributed to traumatizes societies, since in its development, having rejected the socialist past, it did not reach the boundaries from which it began its journey. At the same time, the transformations that have been taking place for more than a quarter of a century form a mosaic in which it is difficult/impossible to distinguish between evolutionary and revolutionary trends. In this regard, an analysis of the obstacles that have not been overcome for the implementation of a truly democratic, effectively functioning society is given. The analysis of the state of trauma societies carried out in the scientific and expert community, based on the practice of successfully developing countries, allows us to determine ways out of the state of traumatized society.

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