scholarly journals No Shame for the Sun

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116
Author(s):  
Zabeda Nazim
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Muslim Woman ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The West ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
Political Economic

Shahla Haeri’s groundbreaking work could not have emerged at a moredesperately needed time. In the aftermath of 9/11 and the war on Iraq, thewestern media have worked feverishly to bombard the West with imagesand messages about Muslim women and Islam. Whether it is the imageof Afghanistan’s burqa-clad women or Iraq’s veiled women, the messagehas been the same: All Muslim women are speechless, powerless, andoften invisible victims of an oppressive monolithic Islam.In No Shame for the Sun: Lives of Professional Pakistani Women,Haeri presents the reader with an insightful and poignant look at the livesof six educated, middle-class and upper-middle class, professionalPakistani women. Situated against Pakistan’s changing social, political,economic, cultural, and religious landscapes, their successes, costs, andstruggles “challenge the notion of a ‘hegemonic’ and monolithic Islam thatvictimizes Muslim women” (p. xi).The book’s preface spells out its main purpose: to render visible theexperiences of professional Pakistani women within the larger goal of disruptingthe dominant western stereotypes and beliefs of Muslim women.In the introduction, Haeri situates herself by raising a series of questionsemerging from her own experiences as an Iranian-born, middle-class, educated,professional Muslim woman living and working in the UnitedStates. Namely, she questions her own invisibility resulting from the persistenceof western stereotypical images and beliefs of women in theMuslim world and then offers an overview of the theoretical and historicalrationale for their persistence ...

scholarly journals Reconstruction of Cliché Image of Oriental Woman in Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kuğu Tekin ◽  
Zeynep Rana Turgut
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Muslim Woman ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The West ◽  
Identity Reconstruction ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The One ◽  
Western View

This paper attempts to hold a mirror to the existential struggle of an immigrant Muslim woman who is trying to survive on her journey to the west. Mohsin Hamid presents Nadia as one of the main characters in his 2017 novel Exit West. The paradox concerning Nadia is that while her preference for wearing a long black robe confirms the western misconstrued image of Muslim women, her actions, her view of the world, of life and of herself definitely refute the ingrained eastern notion of the suppressed, submissive, silenced Muslim woman. According to the dominant western view, oriental women are still under the strict control of the mechanisms of patriarchy. Among the control mechanisms of patriarchal order are traditions, norms, values and religion. However, Nadia does not fall into this western miscategorization of Muslim woman with her strong, rebellious character, and with her freethinking and insight. Indeed, it is Nadia, who safeguards, directs and in a sense, matures Saeed’s-the other main character-rather timid and naïve personality. What is unexpected in the journey of these two characters is that the one who is need of identity reconstruction is not the female but the male character, for Nadia does already have a firmly constructed identity and she has no intention to transform either her outfit or her world view for the sake of integrating herself into the western culture. In brief, through the character of Nadia, Mohsin Hamid reconstructs the cliché image of oriental woman. In Exit West, Hamid reverses stereotyped gender roles by attributing his female character all the dominant personality traits attached to the male sex.

scholarly journals An overview of the establishment and strength of the Shir and Khurshid of Timurid governance system

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mysam
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Governance System ◽  
The West ◽  
Great Area ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Academic Resources ◽  
Governmental System

Following the Mongol era and the instability of the llkhanis, Amo river areas and Transoxiana saw a favorable situation to turn into a great empire. Amir Timur Gorkani who had established himself as a person with great military intelligence in Transoxiana, gathered his loyal forces and with his resolution and valor founded a government that made many people from east to the west fear even by hearing his name. Timurid banners were designed with pictures of a lion and the sun that were associated with tyranny and light. This government unique characteristics had enabled it to stabilize its dominance over a great area after a short period of time. In order to recognize Timurian strong foundation, its governance must be studied. In the scope of research purposes, library methods and analyzing authentic sources of timurd authors have been used. Military arrangements based on Genghis Khan’s yasai and use of public fear for conquering different areas, an economical – governmental system compatible with the situation of the time, appointing competent and reliable people for governmental posts and integrating a Mongol and Islamic government in itself answered all governmental necessities. Of course, Timur was a Muslim himself but one of those Muslims who allotted most of his time for life and governance. Forced immigration of artesian to the government’s favored areas made Samarkand and Bukhara to be considered among the best cities of the world. In this work it has been tried to study Amir Timur’s governance for political, economic and military stability using authentic academic resources.

Inequalities in Access to and Outcomes of Higher Education in Africa

2022 ◽  
pp. 150-169
Author(s):  
Roy Alexander Carr-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
The West ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
Employment Needs ◽  
Education In Africa

There have been very few studies of the socio-economic background and outcomes for students in Africa because of the lack of data. This chapter draws on an institute which has information about their parental background and subsequent careers collected from surveys. In terms of access, the combination of parents not having more than primary education, renting and not owning land identified less than 1% of students whilst the percentage of entrants reporting that their parents had a post-secondary qualification is considerably higher (around 57%) than the norm at the time the parents would have been studying (around 7%). These students were upper middle class. In terms of outcomes, both current students and alumni say that the curriculum only partly fits their employment needs, but 85% of alumni would recommend AIMS to other students. In general, employers are satisfied with AIMS interns, but the percentage of AIMS graduates who are unemployed has risen from 2% in 2011 to 29% in 2016. Finally, rather than contributing to Africa, over one-third of graduates since 2012 are in the West.

Palestinian Refugee Visits to Their Former Homes

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-449
Author(s):  
Menachem Klein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
West Bank ◽  
The West ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
Upper Middle Class

This article compares Palestinian refugees and exiles' written accounts of their visits to their places of origin in present-day Israel. The discussion is based on texts published by educated, upper-middle-class Palestinians living in the diaspora or in the West Bank, who made their visits as private citizens. After surveying the existing literature on refugee visits their homes in other post-conflict zones, the article discusses an aspect of Palestinian visits that previous studies have left untouched: the encounter between visitors and present occupants.

A Pleasing Odour for Yahweh

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Anne Katrine De Hemmer Gudme
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Sacred Space ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The West ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Crucial Part

This article investigates the importance of smell in the sacrificial cults of the ancient Mediterranean, using the Yahweh temple on Mount Gerizim and the Hebrew Bible as a case-study. The material shows that smell was an important factor in delineating sacred space in the ancient world and that the sense of smell was a crucial part of the conceptualization of the meeting between the human and the divine.  In the Hebrew Bible, the temple cult is pervaded by smell. There is the sacred oil laced with spices and aromatics with which the sanctuary and the priests are anointed. There is the fragrant and luxurious incense, which is burnt every day in front of Yahweh and finally there are the sacrifices and offerings that are burnt on the altar as ‘gifts of fire’ and as ‘pleasing odors’ to Yahweh. The gifts that are given to Yahweh are explicitly described as pleasing to the deity’s sense of smell. On Mount Gerizim, which is close to present-day Nablus on the west bank, there once stood a temple dedicated to the god Yahweh, whom we also know from the Hebrew Bible. The temple was in use from the Persian to the Hellenistic period (ca. 450 – 110 BCE) and during this time thousands of animals (mostly goats, sheep, pigeons and cows) were slaughtered and burnt on the altar as gifts to Yahweh. The worshippers who came to the sanctuary – and we know some of them by name because they left inscriptions commemorating their visit to the temple – would have experienced an overwhelming combination of smells: the smell of spicy herbs baked by the sun that is carried by the wind, the smell of humans standing close together and the smell of animals, of dung and blood, and behind it all as a backdrop of scent the constant smell of the sacrificial smoke that rises to the sky.

The Impact of Secularism on Religious Beliefs and Practices

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Adibah Binti AbdulRahim
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
The West ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Secularism is the most serious challenge of modernity posed by the West. Its main ideology is to liberate man from the religious and metaphysical values and expel religion from the practical aspect of man’s life. It clearly presents its materialistic viewpoint which is cut off from Divine, Transcendent or Supernatural principles and does not refer to and is isolated from Revelation. In terms of its intensity and scope as well as its discernable effects upon people’s mind, the repercussion of secularism is so pervasive and universal. It gives a great impact on every facet of life including individual and family lives as well as educational, political, economic and social-cultural realm. Most importantly, secularism affects the very tenets of traditional religious beliefs and practices. This paper tries to focus on the danger of secularism and its principles which are contradict to the religious worldview.  

Muslim Women and the Politics of Representation

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Zine
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Muslim Woman ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Feminist Writing ◽  
Textual Representation ◽  
Relations Of Power

This paper examines the politics of knowledge production as it relates to Muslim women in western literary traditions and con­temporary feminist writing, with a view to understanding the political, ideological, and economic mediations that have histor­ically framed these representations. The meta-narrative of the Muslim woman has shifted from the bold queens of medieval lit­erature to colonial images of the seraglio's veiled, secluded, and oppressed women. Contemporary feminist writing and popular culture have reproduced the colonial motifs of Muslim women, and these have regained currency in the aftermath of9/1 l. Drawing upon the work of Mohja Kahf, this paper begins by mapping the evolution of the Muslim woman archetype in western literary traditions. The paper then examines how some contemporary feminist literature has reproduced in new ways the discursive tropes that have had historical currency in Muslim women's textual representation. The analysis is atten­tive to the ways in which the cultural production of knowledge about Muslim women has been implicated historically by the relations of power between the Muslim world and the West ...

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