O MANGUEZAL DO RIO COREAÚ E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A DINÂMICA SOCIOAMBIENTAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMOCIM

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-563
Author(s):  
Camila França de Oliveira ◽  
Caroline Vitor Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mangrove Area ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Environmental Relations ◽  
Del Rio

O manguezal é considerado o ecossistema mais produtivo do planeta, tendo funções variadas, como a produção de nutrientes, estabilizador dos processos erosivos nos litorais, área de reprodução, abrigo e fuga de espécies, além de ser fundamental para o controle das alterações geradas pelas mudanças climáticas. No entanto, são áreas extremamente ameaçadas pelas atividades humanas. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar as contribuições do manguezal do Rio Coreaú para a dinâmica socioambiental do município de Camocim, pois impactos sobre ele podem ter repercussão no que diz respeito aos processos tanto econômicos como ambientais. O Rio Coreaú, em Camocim, apresenta a segunda maior área de manguezal do estado, possuindo 35,3km², segundo a SEMACE (2004). Para o alcance do objetivo deste estudo foram realizados estudos bibliográficos e documental acerca da temática, avaliação de imagens de satélite da área e visitas in loco para levantamento das atividades econômicas associadas ao ecossistema.Palavras-chave: Estuário; Rio Coreaú; Relação socioambiental. RESUMEN El manglar se considera el ecosistema más productivo del planeta, tiene funciones variadas, como la producción de nutrientes, la estabilización de los procesos de erosión en la costa, el área de reproducción, el refugio y el escape de especies, además de ser fundamental para el control de los cambios generados por los cambios climáticos. Sin embargo, son áreas extremadamente amenazadas por las actividades humanas. En este contexto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar las contribuciones del manglar del río Coreaú a la dinámica social y ambiental del municipio de Camocim, ya que sus impactos pueden tener repercusiones en los procesos tanto económicos como ambientales. El río Coreaú, en Camocim, tiene la segunda área de manglar más grande del estado, con 35,3 km², según SEMACE (2004). Para lograr el objetivo de este estudio se realizaron estudios bibliográficos y documentales sobre el tema, evaluación de imágenes satelitales del área y visitas al sitio para estudiar las actividades económicas asociadas con el ecosistema.Palabras clave: Estuario; Río Coreaú; Relación socioambiental. ABSTRACTMangroves are considered the most productive ecosystem on the planet, having varied functions, such as nutrient production, stabilization of coastal erosion processes, reproduction area, shelter and escape of species, as well as being fundamental to control changes caused by climate changes. However, they are areas that are extremely threatened by human activities. In this context, this research aims to evaluate the contributions of the Coreaú river mangrove to the socio-environmental dynamics of the Camocim, as impacts on it can have repercussions regarding both economic and environmental processes. The Coreaú river, in Camocim, presents the second largest mangrove area in the state, with 35.3 km², according to SEMACE (2004). In order to reach the objective of this study, bibliographical and documentary studies on the subject, evaluation of satellite images of the area and on-site visits were carried out to survey the economic activities associated to the ecosystem.Keywords: Estuary; Coreaú river; Socio-environmental relations.

OS IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS ORIUNDOS DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA VIA PAISAGÍSTICA AS MARGENS DO RIO MARANGUAPINHO NO BAIRRO CANINDEZINHO, FORTALEZA – CE

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1374-1386
Author(s):  
Daniel Paulo Braga ◽  
Gislania de Meneses Silva ◽  
Tulio Viana Bandeira ◽  
Maria Lucia Brito da Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Digital Or

O referido trabalho busca fazer uma análise dos impactos ambientais oriundos da construção da via paisagística às margens do Rio Maranguapinho no bairro Canindezinho, ressaltando as transformações geradas pela sua implantação e a modificação do espaço urbano e das formas de ocupação da planície fluvial do rio neste trecho. Para a obtenção de resultados, foi realizado pesquisas bibliográficas e visitas em órgãos públicos para levantamento e obtenção de material digital ou impresso acerca da temática abordada. Efetuou-se a análise de imagens de satélite dos anos de 2010 e 2016 em caráter de comparação das temporalidades quanto as ocupações na Área de Proteção Permanente – APP. Também foram realizadas visitas de campo em pontos do bairro para verificação dos impactos e melhor compreender a realidade do objeto em estudo. Logo, os resultados demonstram que as intervenções realizadas pela via paisagística agregaram outros equipamentos urbanos de infraestrutura e organização espacial, tais como barragens, praças e conjuntos habitacionais, incluindo a qualificação das margens para a recuperação das APPs de aproximadamente 50 metros ao longo do rio, contudo, foram identificados problemas quanto a remoção dos moradores e a utilização das áreas desapropriadas para a acumulação de resíduos sólidos.Palavras-chave: Área de Preservação Permanente. Recursos Hídricos. Impacto Ambiental. ABSTRACTThis work seeks to analyze the environmental impacts of the construction of the landscaped road on the banks of the Maranguapinho River in the Canindezinho neighborhood, highlighting the transformations generated by its implantation and the modification of the urban space and the forms of occupation of the fluvial plain of the river in this section . In order to obtain results, bibliographical researches and visits were made to public agencies to collect and obtain digital or printed material about the subject matter. The analysis of satellite images of the years 2010 and 2016 was carried out in a comparison of temporalities and occupations in the Permanent Protection Area (APP). Field visits were also carried out at points in the neighborhood to verify impacts and better understand the reality of the object being studied. Therefore, the results show that the landscape interventions added other urban infrastructure and spatial organization equipment, such as dams, squares and housing complexes, including the qualification of the margins for the recovery of PPAs of approximately 50 meters along the river, however, problems were identified regarding the removal of the residents and the use of the expropriated areas for solid waste accumulation.Keywords: Permanent Preservation Area. Water resources. Environmental impact. RESUMENEste trabajo busca analizar los impactos ambientales derivados de la construcción de la carretera ajardinada a orillas del río Maranguapinho en el barrio de Canindezinho, destacando las transformaciones generadas por su implementación y la modificación del espacio urbano y las formas de ocupación de la llanura del río en este tramo. . Para obtener resultados, se llevaron a cabo investigaciones bibliográficas y visitas a agencias públicas para recopilar y obtener material digital o impreso sobre el tema. Se analizaron imágenes satelitales de 2010 y 2016 para comparar las temporalidades con respecto a las ocupaciones en el Área de Protección Permanente - APP. También se realizaron visitas de campo en puntos del vecindario para verificar los impactos y comprender mejor la realidad del objeto en estudio. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran que las intervenciones paisajísticas han agregado otra infraestructura urbana y equipo de organización espacial, como presas, plazas y urbanizaciones, incluida la calificación de márgenes para la recuperación de APP de aproximadamente 50 metros a lo largo del río, sin embargo, se identificaron problemas con respecto a la remoción de residentes y el uso de áreas expropiadas para la acumulación de desechos sólidos.Palabras clave: Área de Preservación Permanente. Recursos hídricos. Impacto ambiental.

IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS DENTRO DA MICROBACIA DO RIO JACU: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DA ÁREA EM TORNO DO RIO PRINCIPAL – JACU, NO MUNICÍPIO DE GOIANINHA-RN

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1070-1090
Author(s):  
Nadeline Hevelyn Lima Araújo ◽  
Ivaniza Sales Batista ◽  
Maria Luiza Terto ◽  
Raquel Silva Anjos
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Del Rio

Nas últimas décadas a necessidade de proteção das águas contra diversas formas de poluição e de uso inadequado está presente nas discussões ambientais. A nossa pesquisa enviesa pela temática de bacia hidrográfica, com a delimitação do tema em impactos ambientais e tendo como área de estudo um recorte espacial dentro do município de Goianinha-RN, no entorno do Rio Jacu, objetivando compreender os impactos ambientais que ocorrem na área; os usos e importância desta bacia para o município; as atividades econômicas ou ações humanas que mais têm afetado a área do rio; os principais tipos de poluentes jogados no rio; entender desde quando esses poluentes vêm sendo jogados; compreender os processos erosivos e do desmatamento da mata ciliar e entender quais as consequências destes impactos no referido município. Partimos da hipótese de que existe contaminação dentro da microbacia do Rio Jacu, proveniente de resíduos agroindustriais, criação de gado, etc, por meio de três conceitos: recursos hídricos; bacia hidrográfica e impactos ambientais, através de três níveis de pesquisa: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, sendo os dados de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, onde primeiro são coletados os dados e após tratamento, classificados.Palavras chaves: Recursos Hídricos; Bacia hidrográfica; Impactos Ambientais. ABSTRACTIn recent decades the need for water protection against various forms of pollution and improper use is in environmental discussions.Our research skews by the thematic watershed, with the demarcation of the theme in environmental impacts and having as a study area a spatial cut within the municipality of Goianinha-RN, around the river Jacu, aiming to understand the environmental impacts that occur in the area; What are the uses and importance of this basin for the municipality; What economic activities or human actions that most have affected the area of the river; what are the main types of pollutants thrown in the river; Understand since when these pollutants have been thrown; Understand the erosion processes and deforestation of the riparian forest and understand the consequences of this impact on the municipality. Starting from the hypothesis that there is contamination within the microbasin of the Jacu River, from agro waste, livestock breeding, etc., by means of three concepts: water resources; watershed and environmental impacts, through three levels of research: bibliographic, documentary and field research, with data of a quantitative and qualitative nature. Where first are collected data and after treatment, classified.Keywords: Water resources; watershed; Environmental impacts. RESUMENEn las últimas décadas, la necesidad de proteger el agua contra diversas formas de contaminación y mal uso ha estado presente en las discusiones ambientales. Nuestra investigación sesga el tema de la cuenca, con la delimitación del tema sobre los impactos ambientales y teniendo como área de estudio un corte espacial dentro del municipio de Goianinha-RN, alrededor del río Jacu, con el objetivo de comprender los impactos ambientales que ocurren en el área; los usos e importancia de esta cuenca para el municipio; las actividades económicas o acciones humanas que más han afectado el área del río; los principales tipos de contaminantes arrojados al río; entender desde cuando se han liberado estos contaminantes; Comprender los procesos erosivos y la deforestación de los bosques ribereños y comprender las consecuencias de estos impactos en el municipio referido. Partimos de la hipótesis de que existe contaminación dentro de la cuenca del río Jacu por desechos agroindustriales, ganadería, etc., a través de tres conceptos: recursos hídricos; cuencas hidrográficas e impactos ambientales a través de tres niveles de investigación: investigación bibliográfica, documental y de campo, siendo los datos de naturaleza cuantitativa y cualitativa, donde se recopilan los primeros datos y luego se clasifican los tratamientos.Palabras clave: Recursos hídricos; Cuenca hidrográfica; Impactos ambientales.

A Short Survey of Yemeni Sufism from Its Inception up to the Thirteenth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intellectual Activities

This paper analyzes the historical conditions of Yemen’s Sufi movement from the beginning of Islam up to the rise of the Rasulid dynasty in the thirteenth century. This is a very difficult task, given the lack of adequate sources and sufficient academic attention in both the East and theWest. Certainly, a few sentences about the subject can be found scattered in Sufi literature at large, but a respectable study of the period’s mysticism can hardly be found.1 Thus, I will focus on the major authorities who first contributed to the ascetic movement’s development, discuss why a major decline of intellectual activities occurred in many metropolises, and if the existing ascetic conditions were transformed into mystical tendencies during the ninth century due to the alleged impact ofDhu’n-Nun al-Misri (d. 860). This is followed by a brief discussion ofwhat contributed to the revival of the country’s intellectual and economic activities. After that, I will attempt to portray the status of the major ascetics and prominent mystics credited with spreading and diffusing the so-called Islamic saintly miracles (karamat). The trademark of both ascetics and mystics across the centuries, this feature became more prevalent fromthe beginning of the twelfth century onward. I will conclude with a brief note on the most three celebrated figures of Yemen’s religious and cultural history: Abu al-Ghayth ibn Jamil (d. 1253) and his rival Ahmad ibn `Alwan (d. 1266) from the mountainous area, andMuhammad ibn `Ali al-`Alawi, known as al-Faqih al-Muqaddam (d. 1256), from Hadramawt.

scholarly journals Implementation of word-formative potential of the lexemes in social and economic activities

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Maryna Navalna ◽  
Olha Spys
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Political Vocabulary

The subject of the research is word-formative and semantic processes in the vocabulary of socio-economic sector. The aim of the study. To analyze the socio-political vocabulary and to determine the word-formative and semantic potential of these linguistic items. Research methods. The material of the research is a body of lexical items, selected from the language of all-Ukrainian and regional mass media. The descriptive research method and observation method were used as main in this scientific research. At different stages of the research the method of functional analysis was used to determine the stylistic load of lexical items. The comparative analysis of individual lexical positions, which are in different styles of Ukrainian literary language, was done by using a comparative method. Results of work. The article analyzes the word-formative potential of socio-political vocabulary, it distinguishes derivative and non-derivative verbs and presents formations. Application of the results. The results of the research can be used in teaching activities in the course “Scientific and Technical Terminology”, “Business Ukrainian” and others. Conclusions. Ukrainian and foreign-language verbs of the socio-economic sector have formed a great word-formative potential in the internal verbal word-formation, above all, the prefixal and postfixal. Ukrainian verbs are combined with most of the prefixes of the Ukrainian language, foreign-languages verbs – primarily with genetically homogeneous word-formative formats and some Ukrainian ones, in particular.

scholarly journals Effects of hydrodynamical regime on morphological evolution at Cua Dai estuary and coastlines of Quang Nam province

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-186
Author(s):  
Cham Dao Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Flood Wave ◽  
Hydrodynamic Models ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Sand Bars ◽  
Accretion Process

In recent years, accretion-erosion processes are frequently recorded in the estuary of Cua Dai, Quang Nam province. Most recently, however, sand bars are formed in the estuary not far from the place where the Inland Waterways Authority of Vietnam had previously dredged. The estuary continues to be accreted by sand. These have been drawing special attention of national and international scientists. While there is accretion at the estuary, eroded processes are strongly recorded along the coastlines of Quang Nam province. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a study in the effects of the hydrodynamic regime on morphological changes in the Cua Dai estuary and coastlines of Quang Nam province. The goal of this paper is to fully interpret the causes, regimes of accretion and erosion processes over the study area. In this study, satellite images and hydrodynamic models of Delft3D and MIKE 11 are applied. The results show a strong accretion process in the estuary of Cua Dai. Sandbar formation across the Cua Dai estuary comes from the interaction of flood, wave, and current conditions during the northeast monsoon. This mainly affects the changes in morphology in the estuary of Cua Dai, Quang Nam.

scholarly journals Coastal erosion risk assessment in the coastal area of Muara Asam Asam, Tanah Laut Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Rizki Adriadi Ghiffari ◽  
Haryo Dwito Armono
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Coastal erosion is the process of land erosion in coastal areas due to waves and ocean currents which reduce land and can adversely affect socio-economic activities in coastal areas. Coastal erosion risk assessment in the estuary is a development of previous research, because the erosion and accretion processes do not only occur along the shoreline, but also on the side facing river water bodies, due to the confluence of fluvial and marine processes. The landward shift of the shoreline in the Muara Asam Asam coastal area has reached 90 meters in the last 28 years, and has been detrimental because the area is a densely populated area with major economic activities in the fisheries and agriculture sectors. This study aims to determine the coastal erosion risk level zones based on the relationship among vulnerability and consequence parameters, through distance decay weighted based method. The results indicate that Muara Asam Asam has high risk zones of coastal erosion, especially in densely populated residential areas and dry land agriculture on the west side of the estuary, due to the lack of implementation of preventive measures through hard coastal structure and coastal zoning policy to protect socio-economic activities and coastal ecological environments.

scholarly journals NATURAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN A MOUNTAIN ECONOMY

10.26458/1845 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Viorica Jelev
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
The Impact

 This paper presents the existing situation at national and world level considering the available water resources, their vulnerability especially in the mountains areas, the impact of climate changes, the possible conflicts regarding the intensification of water shortage in some regions of the world. I also present a case study on forests in Romania. Beginning with the general data mentioned above, we point out the specific peculiarities of the mountain area hydrology for identifying some aspects which are specific to the mountain water relationship. The analysis is necessary as no specifications regarding the mountain hilly or plain areas are done in the activity regarding waters management. Waters are managed unitary on river basins considering some general principles, unanimously recognized, well reflected into the national and international regulations. As a first stage, traditional economic activities are identified in the relationship of the mountain areas inhabitants with water but also some present approaches. The way the mountain areas inhabitants knew how to live together and capitalize water resources represents a model and impulse for coming back to such sustainable solutions but capitalizing the advantages of modern technologies. Each of these activities referring to waters which take place in the mountains area can represent ways for the research activity and future thorough studies from the technical, economic, social, cultural-traditional point of view and also for environment protection. A main preoccupation might have connection with the evolution of agricultural activities in the mountains area considering the climate changes and a possible “migration” towards higher areas of some agricultural practices specific to lower areas. The paper also shows a small example of the regaining by the locals of a community of an important resource for their lives in the hands of corporations: the forests defaced by HOLZINDUSTRIE SCHWEIGHOFER and stop flooding villages. 

scholarly journals Empirical evidence reveals the phase diagram of patch patterns in Mediterranean drylands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Meloni ◽  
Cristiano R. F. Granzotti ◽  
Alexandre S. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Adequate Description ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Open Issue ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ecological Functioning

AbstractDrylands are ecosystems with limited water resources, often subjected to desertification. Conservation and restoration efforts towards these ecosystems depend on the interplay between ecological functioning and spatial patterns formed by local vegetation. Despite recent advances on the subject, an adequate description of phase transitions between the various vegetated phases remains an open issue. Here, we gather vegetation data of drylands from Southern Spain using satellite images. Our findings support three vegetated phases, separated by two distinct phase transitions, including a continuous phase transition, with new relations between scaling exponents of ecological variables. The phase diagram is obtained without a priori assumption about underlying ecological dynamics. We apply our analysis to a different dryland system in the Western United States and verify a compatible critical behavior, in agreement with the universality hypothesis.

scholarly journals Radionuclides as tracers of coastal processes in Brazil: review, synthesis, and perspectives

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac R. Santos ◽  
William C. Burnett ◽  
José M. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Petroleum Processing ◽  
Artificial Radionuclide ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Radium Isotopes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
The One

We review the usefulness, limitations, significance, and coastal management implications of radionuclide measurements in Brazilian coastal environments. We focus on the use of radionuclides as tracers of sedimentary processes and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). We also discuss artificial radionuclide contamination and high natural radioactivity areas. The interpretation of 14C-, 137Cs-, and 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates has provided evidence that inappropriate soil use by urban and agricultural activities has intensified erosion processes on land, which is reflected in depositional environments, such as coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. Of the processes discussed in this paper, SGD is the one that requires the most scientific effort in the short-term. There have been only two case studies using 222Rn and radium isotopes as groundwater tracers in Brazil. These investigations showed that SGD can be a major source of nutrients and other dissolved species to the coastal ocean. Baseline 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 238Pu concentrations in seawater from the whole Brazilian coastal zone are very low. Therefore, in spite of contamination problems in many ecosystems in the northern hemisphere, artificial radionuclide pollution appears to be negligible along the Brazilian coast. Phosphate fertilizer industries and petroleum processing facilities are the main economic activities producing Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Even though a few attempts have been made to assess the radiological effects of these activities, their potential threats indicate a need for the radiological control of their wastes. This review showed that the number of studies within the field of environmental radioactivity is still small in Brazil and much more research is needed to understand processes of high interest for environmental managers. In the near future, it is likely that such studies in Brazil will move from descriptive, environmental quality-based assessments to approaches that attempt to quantify chemical, physical, and biological processes in the environment.

Economics and the Environment: A Study of Private Nuisance

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ogus ◽  
G. M. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Intangible Resources ◽  
Current Research Effort ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The English lawyer has been notoriously unwilling to admit the relevance of social sciences to his discipline. In part, this may be attributed to his lack of formal training in economics or sociology. As regards the latter, there are some signs of the handicap being overcome: much current research effort is now being directed to the interpretation of law and the legal system as social phenomena. But the application of economic reasoning to legal instruments and institutions has been limited and tentative. Although it has long been recognised that a marriage of the two disciplines is necessary for the procreation of effective norms in areas where the law clearly governs economic activities, for example, the regulation of trade and income redistribution, so far, in this country at least, creative thinking about central legal institutions such as tort, contract, property and crime has remained relatively untouched by such a mode of analysis. Yet, as Americans have demonstrated, there is nothing inappropriate in such an exercise. At first sight the subject areas of economics and law will appear to diverge significantly: the former is “concerned with the manner in which a society produces, distributes and consumes wealth when it is constrained by scarcity, either of tangible resources or of intangible resources,” while the latter is often viewed as a system of norms governing the conduct of individuals and institutions. Yet such conduct will generally involve the transfer and acquisition of resources. With this congruence of interest, therefore, the opportunity exists to compare economic analysis with prevailing legal rules on particular issues to see whether the “right” solution is reached.

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