Rice crop response to site variability in a multi-locational trial: A call for site specific management

Yield is a net expression of genotype (G) x environment (E) interactions including management. However, the segregation of 'E' into respective causes is seldom done while 'G' is a constant. Soil is a component of 'E' with imminent variability in attributes among multiple locations. Data on yield response of varieties to a set of treatments in different soils from multi-locational yield maximisation trial under All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project were regularly gathered. A dataset pertaining to a trial conducted in Karaikal district of Puducherry Union Territory was analysed to ascertain the site-specific crop responses with inherent variability in soils. Rice varieties, ADT 46, BPT 5204 and CR 1009 were tested for responses at 17 sites with farmer fertiliser practices (FFP), regional recommended fertiliser dose (RDF) and software, 'Nutrient Expert®' (2016) (NE) derived fertiliser quantities. Analysis of variance showed that test sites explained 59.3% variability in yield. A multivariate technique, Factor Analysis extracted two factors, which are linear combinations of soil attributes those explained 76% of variance in soils. Factor scores classified soils into four groups, owing to variability in soil properties. Soil texture influenced yield significantly (across varieties and treatments) (R2 = 11.1%). Sites varied in excess duration in nursery ranging from 2 - 26 days. However, this excess duration reduced number of panicles m-2 only in CR 1009 (r = -0.328**). General linear model with sites and treatments as fixed factors, their interactions and panicles m-2 as covariate predicted better (R2 = 90.3%) with their significant contribution to the model. The order of R2 (%) was Sites (59.3) > Varieties (27.4) > Treatments (13.6%) in explaining variability in yield highlighting site-specific responses. Mean differences between ADT 46 and BPT 5204; BPT 5204 and CR 1009 were significant. Yield significantly changed across sites and treatments when fertiliser management shifted from non-specific (FFP) to site-specific NE based calculations through RDF (region specific). Results of this trial placed emphasis on soil test-based crop management to realise the uniform best, which clearly is site specific crop management.

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Site Specific Nutrient Management for Maize on Ultisols Lampung

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2010.v15i1.49-54 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Andarias Makka Murni ◽

Julie Mae Pasuquin ◽

Christian Witt

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Management ◽

Management Practice ◽

Crop Management ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Planting Density ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Yield Response ◽

Site Specific ◽

Central Java

Site Specific Nutrient Management for Maize on Ultisols Lampung (A M Murni, JM Pasuquin, and C Witt): Lampung is the third major maize producing province in Indonesia after East Java and Central Java. In Lampung maize is cultivated mainly in upland areas with ultisols and only some cultivated on paddy field as a secondary crop in the dry season. The average maize yield in Lampung is still 3.4 Mg ha-1 bellow yield potential of 7-10 Mg ha-1. To increase the productivity of maize through site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), on-farm trials were conducted in five locations in Lampung i.e. four locations in Central Lampung District (Sidowaras, Binjai Ngagung, Watu Agung and Balai Rejo) and one location in South Lampung District (Trimulyo, Tegineneng Sub District) during the 2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 rainy seasons. The experimental setup followed a standard protocol at all sites and included nutrient omission plots (PK, NK, NP) to estimate indigenous nutrient supplies, an NPK plot to measure yield response to fertilizer application, and a farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) plot in each farmer’s field. An SSNM treatment plot was included in the second and third seasons. Each of the above treatments was paralleled by a plot with improved crop management practice (ICM), i.e. higher planting density, addition of lime, and addition of magnesium. Results showed that yield response to fertilizer N, P and K application in these sites were: N = 2.3-4.1 Mg ha-1; P = 0.6-2.0 Mg ha-1; K = 0.3-2.4 Mg ha-1. Attainable yield in the three seasons on average ranged from 7.6 Mg ha-1 to 10.6 Mg ha-1. Yield in the SSNM treatment (with or without ICM) was significantly higher than the FFP indicating great opportunities for farmers to increase productivity and profitability with improved nutrient and crop management.

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Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

ORYZA- An International Journal on Rice ◽

10.35709/ory.2019.56.spl.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (Special) ◽

pp. 82-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

LV Subba Rao ◽

RA Fiyaz ◽

AK Jukanti ◽

G Padmavathi ◽

J Badri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Improvement Project ◽

Nutritional Security ◽

Food Grain ◽

Rice Improvement ◽

Food And Nutritional Security ◽

Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

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Drought Tolerant near Isogenic Lines (NILs) of Pusa 44 Developed through Marker Assisted Introgression of qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1 Enhances Yield under Reproductive Stage Drought Stress

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11010064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Priyanka Dwivedi ◽

Naleeni Ramawat ◽

Gaurav Dhawan ◽

Subbaiyan Gopala Krishnan ◽

Kunnummal Kurungara Vinod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Reproductive Stage ◽

Recurrent Parent ◽

Near Isogenic Lines ◽

Improvement Project ◽

Isogenic Lines ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Rice Improvement

Reproductive stage drought stress (RSDS) is detrimental for rice, which affects its productivity as well as grain quality. In the present study, we introgressed two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs), namely, qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1, governing RSDS tolerance in a popular high yielding non-aromatic rice cultivar, Pusa 44, through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Pusa 44 is highly sensitive to RSDS, which restricts its cultivation across drought-prone environments. Foreground selection was carried out using markers, RM520 for qDTY3.1 and RM 521 for qDTY2.1. Background selection was achieved with 97 polymorphic SSR markers in tandem with phenotypic selection to achieve faster recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery. Three successive backcrosses followed by three selfings aided RPG recoveries of 98.6% to 99.4% among 31 near isogenic lines (NILs). Fourteen NILs were found to be significantly superior in yield and grain quality under RSDS with higher drought tolerance efficiency (DTE) than Pusa 44. Among these, the evaluation of two promising NILs in the multilocational trial during Kharif 2019 showed that they were significantly superior to Pusa 44 under reproductive stage drought stress, while performing on par with Pusa 44 under normal irrigated conditions. These di-QTL pyramided drought-tolerant NILs are in the final stages of testing the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project varietal trials for cultivar release. Alternately, the elite drought-tolerant Pusa 44 NILs will serve as an invaluable source of drought tolerance in rice improvement.

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Applications and Potential of Genome-Editing Systems in Rice Improvement: Current and Future Perspectives

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071359 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1359

Author(s):

Javaria Tabassum ◽

Shakeel Ahmad ◽

Babar Hussain ◽

Amos Musyoki Mawia ◽

Aqib Zeb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Editing ◽

Crop Production ◽

Grain Quality ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Mutation Breeding ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Rice Improvement ◽

Breeding Techniques

Food crop production and quality are two major attributes that ensure food security. Rice is one of the major sources of food that feeds half of the world’s population. Therefore, to feed about 10 billion people by 2050, there is a need to develop high-yielding grain quality of rice varieties, with greater pace. Although conventional and mutation breeding techniques have played a significant role in the development of desired varieties in the past, due to certain limitations, these techniques cannot fulfill the high demands for food in the present era. However, rice production and grain quality can be improved by employing new breeding techniques, such as genome editing tools (GETs), with high efficiency. These tools, including clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems, have revolutionized rice breeding. The protocol of CRISPR/Cas9 systems technology, and its variants, are the most reliable and efficient, and have been established in rice crops. New GETs, such as CRISPR/Cas12, and base editors, have also been applied to rice to improve it. Recombinases and prime editing tools have the potential to make edits more precisely and efficiently. Briefly, in this review, we discuss advancements made in CRISPR systems, base and prime editors, and their applications, to improve rice grain yield, abiotic stress tolerance, grain quality, disease and herbicide resistance, in addition to the regulatory aspects and risks associated with genetically modified rice plants. We also focus on the limitations and future prospects of GETs to improve rice grain quality.

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Site‐Specific Crop Management: Adoption Patterns and Incentives

Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy ◽

10.2307/1349891 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 455-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Madhu Khanna ◽

Onesime Faustin Epouhe ◽

Robert Hornbaker

Keyword(s):

Crop Management ◽

Site Specific

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Response of Sensitive and Resistant Snap Bean Genotypes to Nighttime Ozone Concentration

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs04808-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 145 (6) ◽

pp. 331-339

Author(s):

Kirsten L. Lloyd ◽

Donald D. Davis ◽

Richard P. Marini ◽

Dennis R. Decoteau

Keyword(s):

Leaf Age ◽

Acute Injury ◽

Yield Response ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Foliar Injury ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Stirred Tank Reactors ◽

First Results ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Impact

Effects of nighttime (2000 to 0700 hr) O3 on the pod mass of sensitive (S156) and resistant (R123) snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes were assessed using continuous stirred tank reactors located within a greenhouse. Two concentration-response relationship trials were designed to evaluate yield response to nighttime O3 exposure (10 to 265 ppb) in combination with daytime exposure at background levels (44 and 62 ppb). Three replicated trials tested the impact of nighttime O3 treatment at means of 145, 144, and 145 ppb on yields. In addition, stomatal conductance (gS) measurements documented diurnal variations and assessed the effects of genotype and leaf age. During the concentration-response experiments, pod mass had a significant linear relationship with the nighttime O3 concentration across genotypes. Yield losses of 15% and 50% occurred at nighttime exposure levels of ≈45 and 145 ppb, respectively, for S156, whereas R123 yields decreased by 15% at ≈150 ppb. At low nighttime O3 levels of ≈100 ppb, R123 yields initially increased up to 116% of the treatment that received no added nighttime O3, suggesting a potential hormesis effect for R123, but not for S156. Results from replicated trials revealed significant yield losses in both genotypes following combined day and night exposure, whereas night-only exposure caused significant decreases only for S156. The gS rates ranged from less than 100 mmol·m−2·s−1 in the evening to midday levels more than 1000 mmol·m−2·s−1. At sunrise and sunset, S156 had significantly higher gS rates than R123, suggesting a greater potential O3 flux into leaves. Across genotypes, younger rapidly growing leaves had higher gS rates than mature fully expanded leaves when evaluated at four different times during the day. Although these were long-term trials, gS measurements and observations of foliar injury development suggest that acute injury, occurring at approximately the time of sunrise, also may have contributed to yield losses. To our knowledge, these are the first results to confirm that the relative O3 sensitivity of the S156/R123 genotypes is valid for nighttime exposure.

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Selection of drought-tolerant rice varieties from the rice variety bank of Can Tho university

The Journal of Agriculture and Development ◽

10.52997/jad.8.02.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 02 ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Tin Q. Huynh

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Rice Cultivation ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Susceptible Control ◽

Rice Improvement

Drought has been a big problem and damaged seriously to rice cultivation and production in Vietnam and the Mekong Delta region; evaluating drought tolerance of rice is a major objective for the rice improvement programmes in Can Tho University. Fifty-two collected rice varieties including resistant and susceptible control varieties were screened for water stress under the artificial drought condition. Marker RM223 was used to identify the drought tolerance genotypes for some selected varieties with good and moderate tolerant scores. After 30 days of water stress, the results were 6 varieties of good tolerant, 8 varieties of moderate tolerance, 36 varieties of moderately susceptible and 2 varieties of susceptible to drought. Analyses of PCR showed that 10 varieties expressed the similar bands with the resistant control variety. Four varieties (LH8, MTL812, Lua Canh and VB1) with good tolerant to drought were recommended to use for genetic materials of rice breeding program and applying in alternative wetting and drying irrigation technique for rice cultivation.

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ENHANCING WATER AND FERTILIZER SAVING WITHOUT COMPROMISING RICE YIELD THROUGH INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT

Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.21082/ijas.v11n2.2010.p65-73 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I.P. Wardana ◽

A. Gania ◽

S. Abdulrachman ◽

P.S. Bindraban ◽

H. Van Keulen

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Crop Management ◽

Yield Response ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Crop Establishment ◽

Integrated Crop Management ◽

Establishment Method

<p>Water and fertilizer scarcity amid the increasing need of rice production challenges today’s agriculture. Integrated crop management (ICM) is a combination of water, crop, and nutrient management that optimizes the synergistic interaction of these components aiming at improving resource use efficiency, i.e. high productivity of water, land, and labor. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of crop establishment method, organic matter amendment, NPK management, and water management on yield of lowland rice. Five series of experiments were conducted at Sukamandi and Kuningan Experimental Stations, West Java. The first experiment was focused on crop establishment method, i.e. plant spacing and number of seedlings per hill. The second, third, and fourth experiments were directed to study the effect of NPK and organic matter applications on rice yield. The fifth experiments was designed to evaluate the effect of water management on rice yield. Results showed that 20 cm x 20 cm plant spacing resulted in the highest grain yield for the new plant type rice varieties. Organic matter and P fertilizer application did not significantly affect grain yield, but the yield response to P fertilization tended to be stronger with organic matter amendment. Split P application did not significantly increase grain yield. The use of a scale 4 leaf color chart reading resulted in a considerable N fertilizer saving without compromising rice yield. Intermittent irrigation technique saved water up to 55% without affecting yields, resulting in a 2-3 times higher water productivity.</p>

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Site-Specific Covariates Affecting Yield Response to Nitrogen of Late-Sown Maize in Central Argentina

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.2134/agronj2017.09.0520 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 110 (4) ◽

pp. 1544-1553 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tomás Coyos ◽

Lucas Borrás ◽

Brenda L. Gambin

Keyword(s):

Yield Response ◽

Site Specific ◽

Central Argentina

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Mutation breeding in rice for sustainable crop production and food security in India.

10.1079/9781789249095.0009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 83-99

Author(s):

Vikash Kumar ◽

Anjali Chauhan ◽

Avinash Kumar Shinde ◽

Ramesh L. Kunkerkar ◽

Deepak Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Mutation Breeding ◽

Crop Diversity ◽

World Population ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Crop Varieties ◽

The World ◽

Traditional Landraces ◽

Rice Improvement

Abstract With the inevitable risk posed by global climate change affecting crop yield and the ever-increasing demands of agricultural produce, crop improvement techniques need to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. The rice crop, a staple food for the majority of the world population, has a significant role to play in alleviating the global hunger problem. With the world population burgeoning at an unprecedented rate, limited fertile land resources, climate change, emerging new races of pests and diseases and consumer preferences for quality attributes, it is imperative to increase crop diversity, and this requires better selection efficiency addressing the challenges of future rice production. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and very successful tool helping to increase crop diversity and allowing plant breeders to exercise their skill in developing desirable crop varieties. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance yield, improve nutritional quality and widen the adaptability of the world's most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. India is considered to be one of the primary centres of origin of crop species with the concomitant very high genetic diversity in traditional landraces for different agronomic traits of economic importance. Plant architecture, such as plant height, branching habit (tiller number), leaf shape and patterns, floral and grain traits and quality traits such as aroma, amylose content and cooking quality are of tremendous importance for rice improvement programmes. Traditional landraces of rice have premium grain quality, fetching a premium price, but their cultivation is being marginalized due to their tall stature, proneness to lodging, late maturity and poor yield. Mutation breeding technology has been successfully implemented in rice improvement programmes, which have resulted in the improvement of aromatic rice varieties, such as 'Pusa Basmati 1', 'Dubraj and Jawaphool'. Two high-yielding mutant rice varieties, TCDM-1 ('Trombay Chhattisgarh Dubraj Mutant-1') and TKR Kolam ('Trombay Karjat Rice Kolam'), have been released for cultivation in Chhattisgarh and the Konkan region of Maharashtra. Both these varieties possess dwarf plant stature (110 cm), medium maturity (130 days), premium grain quality and resistance to major pests and diseases. Improvement of other traditional rice varieties is underway which will bring these varieties back into cultivation and help in improving the tribal and marginal farmers' economy.

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