scholarly journals Z dala od frontu. Wielka wojna ojczyźniana w edukacji historycznej poradzieckich republik Azji Centralnej (casus Kazachstanu, Kirgistanu i Uzbekistanu)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Michał Kuryłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Education System ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
State Of Affairs

This article contains a comparative analysis of the narratives concerning the Great Patriotic War that can be found in textbooks in the post-Soviet republics of Central Asia. The aim of the study is to show the similarities and differences between these narratives and to reveal to what degree the picture of the conflict that was shaped during the Soviet period has been revised. At the same time, the aim is to juxtapose the contents of Central Asian textbooks with the narrative present in the Russian history education system. The analysis aims not only to identify discrepancies, but also to identify the reasons for the existing state of affairs and relate them to the politics of memory pursued in individual countries.

scholarly journals EXPORT POSITIONS OF RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA: REALITIES AND PROBLEMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
M. M. Butakova ◽  
O. N. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Market Capacity ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Of Affairs

The article is devoted to researching and assessing the state of affairs, identifying problems and prospects for Russia’s presence in the markets of Central Asian countries. The relevance of the problem is connected with the goals of maintaining the export positions of the Russian Federation in this market and with the goals of increasing the volume of non-resource non-energy exports. The authors investigated the dynamics and structure of world and Russian exports to the countries of Central Asia, highlighted the dominant commodity groups of Russian exports for each importing country. As a result of the study of the territorial aspect and the related specifics of trade and economic relations, it was concluded that a deeper study of export opportunities and prospects of Russian regions bordering on countries-importers of Russian products in Central Asia was made. The article outlines the problems of increasing competition in the markets of Central Asia and the negative impact on the prospects of Russian exports of falling incomes of the population and reducing market capacity due to the pandemic, the need to take a set of measures to maintain Russia’s competitive position in this market. As a result the studies of the problems of the development of Russian exports the authors came to the conclusion that it is mutually beneficial and promising, to increase the supply Russian products to the countries of Central Asia the need to find ways to increase its efficiency, and strengthen state support for non-resource non-energy exports.

scholarly journals MEMOIRS AS A SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Arslonzoda Rakhmatjon Arslonboyevich,
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources

The colonial period in the history of Central Asia is reflected in many written sources, including memoirs. Memoir works are diverse in their genre and content. These are travel records of Russian and foreign ambassadors and travelers who visited Central Asia, and memoirs by local authors. The article examines the memoir works of Central Asian authors of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. They are divided into groups such as autobiographies, travel records, memoirs, and oral history. On the example of specific works of specific authors, the significance of each of the above groups of memoir literature is analyzed, their significant sides and their inherent shortcomings are revealed. It is concluded that methods such as critical approach and comparative analysis allow researchers to effectively use the memoirs of local authors to study the history of the colonial period. KEYWORDS: Memoirs, autobiographies, travel records, recollections, oral history, critical approach, comparative analysis, reliability.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis between the higher education systems of Ecuador and Bolivia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Martha Concepcion Macias ◽  
Javier Hernando Sanmartin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Education System ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Higher Education Systems ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Political Economic

This is a comparative analysis of higher education systems in Ecuador and Bolivia, countries that are characterized by cultural diversity and geographic proximity; its evolution in the higher education system has progressed in recent years with different rate.  Reason given, the aim of this work is to make a comparison, to understand the similarities and differences between the systems of higher education in Ecuador and Bolivia, and thus, we can have a diagnosis in relation to the structure of the higher education system of both countries. In this context, we provide an overview about the situation or reality in which both institutions of Higher Education (IES) are developed. Also, the aspects that distinguish the higher education in these countries such as their regulations are mentioned, their internal political contexts, resources, segments, management, technological evolution; and the change of the political, economic and social model. In this way, a description of the main features of the Ecuadorian and Bolivian higher education systems is made, which is summarized in a comparative chart showing the similarities and differences that characterizes them.

Slavery in Islamic Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Eden
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Central Asian

By the late 19th century, when much of Islamic Central Asia was conquered by the Russian Empire, the region was home to tens of thousands of slaves. Most of these slaves were Shiʿa Muslims from northern Iran, though the slave trade also ensnared many Russians, Armenians, Kalmyks, and others. Slave labor was especially commonplace in the Sunni Muslim domains of Khwarazm and Bukhara, where enslaved people constituted a substantial proportion of all agricultural workers, domestic servants, and soldiers. Slaves also labored in many other roles, and an individual slave could be tasked with a variety of jobs. Slaves served, for example, as concubines, craftsmen, miners, herdsmen, entertainers, blacksmiths, calligraphers, and even, in rare instances, as government officials. Before the 16th century, the majority of the slaves in Central Asia—defined here as the region extending from the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea through Xinjiang, China, and from southern Siberia to northern Iran—seem to have been trafficked to the region from India. This changed in the 16th and 17th centuries, as a significant number of Iranian war-captives were brought north and enslaved during the course of numerous armed conflicts between the Central Asian Uzbeks and Iranian Safavids. Many of these slaves evidently labored on the region’s rapidly expanding agricultural estates. In the 18th and 19th centuries, frequent Turkmen raids into northern Iran resulted in tens of thousands of Iranian Shiʿas being captured and funneled into a booming slave trade in Khwarazm and Bukhara. Further north, a much smaller number of Russians were seized and sold into slavery by Kazakh nomads along the steppe frontier. The region’s slave trade declined in the late 19th century and seems to have remained dormant throughout the Soviet period. The post-Soviet period has witnessed a resurgence of human trafficking throughout Central Asia. In recent decades, local governments and international organizations have labored with mixed success to combat a new kind of slave trade, as Central Asian victims are trafficked by criminal cartels to neighboring countries, or to other regions of the world, for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation.

The problem of countering religious extremism and terrorism in prisons of the penitentiary systems of Central Asian states

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Куат Хажумуханович Рахимбердин
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Religious Extremism ◽  
The Republic

В статье проведен сравнительный анализ законодательства государств Центральной Азии в отношении осужденных за террористические и экстремистские преступления. Основная цель исследования заключатся в том, чтобы обратить внимание специалистов на то обстоятельство, что в уголовно-исполнительном законодательстве государств Центральной Азии практически отсутствуют нормы об особенностях, порядке и условиях отбывания наказания осужденных за терроризм и преступления экстремистской направленности. Исключением является уголовно-исполнительное законодательство Республики Казахстан, регламентирующее условия содержания таких заключенных. В статье рассматриваются возможности условно-досрочного освобождения от наказания лиц, осужденных за террористические и экстремистские преступления, в государствах Центральной Азии. Сравнительный анализ действующего законодательства и практики деятельности исправительных учреждений государств Центральной Азии позволяет сделать вывод, что в них не создан механизм ресоциализации осужденных за религиозный экстремизм и преступления террористического характера. The article contains a comparative analysis of the legislation of the Central Asian states regarding those convicted of terrorist and extremist crimes. The main goal of the study is to draw the attention of specialists to the circumstance that the penal legislation of the states of Central Asia practically lacks norms on the features, order and conditions of serving the sentence of those convicted of terrorism and extremist crimes. An exception is the penal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which regulates the conditions of detention of such prisoners. The article discusses the possibility of parole from punishment of persons convicted of terrorist and extremist crimes in the states of Central Asia. A comparative analysis of the current legislation and practice of the activities of correctional institutions of the Central Asian states suggests that they do not have a mechanism for the resocialization of convicts for religious extremism and crimes of a terrorist nature.

India’s Bifurcated Look to ‘Central Eurasia’

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilian Kavalski
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Indian Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Republics

India’s relations with Afghanistan and the post-Soviet countries of Central Asia have contributed to the growing interest in the country’s ‘rise’ to global prominence. Treating them together under the label of ‘Central Eurasia’, Indian policy-makers insist that despite the obvious differences between them, the issues that frame India’s strategic interests in Afghanistan and the Central Asian states are interconnected. The chapter explores the historical contexts that frame India’s current engagement with Central Eurasia. The investigation undertakes a parallel assessment of New Delhi’s engagement with both Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics. The comparative analysis indicates that what has thwarted India’s outreach to Central Asia has become the key to its effective involvement in Afghanistan—namely, that India engages both in the context of its strategic rivalry with Pakistan.

Comparative Analysis of Nationalizing Processes in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan: Uzbekization, Kazakhization

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Jin OH Chong
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Formal Expression ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Political Actions

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, both the Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan governments in Central Asia aimed at nationalizing and indigenizing the territories under their control and rectifying what many saw as decades of dominance by foreign actors. The recently acquired sovereign statehood offers them a legal framework and an organizational tool for executing remedial political actions and erecting safe havens for their indigenous cultures and languages as well as redressing their historical injustices. The present study is built on the assumption that indigenizing practices and policies are an ongoing process, closely related to a combination of economic, cultural, and political factors. On this basis, this article aims to examine two diverse nationalizing states in Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, since they have relatively different conditions and settings. By doing so, this article attempts to illustrate the disjunction between the formal expression of equality in Central Asian constitutions and the actual impacts of the nationalizing actions of the elites in the titular nations.

Gender and nation in post-Soviet Central Asia: From national narratives to women's practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Cleuziou ◽  
Lucia Direnberger
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Feminist Studies ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Soviet Legacy ◽  
Gender And Nation ◽  
Soviet Central Asia ◽  
Historical References

This article introduces a thematic issue consisting of five articles, which analyze the complex interrelations between gender norms and representations and the construction of nationalism in the post-Soviet republics of Central Asia. Drawing from gender and feminist studies, the first section explores how Central Asian nationalisms have promoted hierarchized gender roles to reinforce their legitimacy, noticeably invoking the authority of “tradition.” The second section examines not only how the Soviet period continues to shape contemporary nation-building processes in the region, but also how the latter has been creating new historical references to emancipate them from the Soviet legacy - and from the Soviet policy toward women in particular. The third section examines how gender norms promoted by Central Asian states may affect women in their everyday life and how they may negotiate, refuse, or promote these norms. In the final section, we show how “gender equality” has become a watchword of international organizations’ agendas and we analyze the production and implementation of this international agenda setting in a specific national context.

scholarly journals Transformation of transport-geographic space of Central Asian countries in the Post-Soviet era

2021 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Viktor Fedorko
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Transport Logistics

The structural and morphological restructuring of the transport-geographic systems of the countries of Central Asia has become a reflection of the radical transformation of the geopolitical space of the region in the post-Soviet era. From the very beginning of a new period of development in the countries of the region, the disintegration of a single (end-to-end) road transport framework that developed during the Soviet period was consistently taking place. This was due to the desire of the countries of the region to minimize their own transport dependence on neighbors, while simultaneously enhancing transport-logistics advantages to exert geopolitical pressure on neighboring states. Under the influence of the corresponding geostrategic landmarks, the countries of the region have consistently built a new configuration of transport-logistics systems during the post-Soviet period. The article examines the changes in the geography of the main road transport communications of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan that have occurred over the past three decades. It was revealed that the most morphologically transformed transport systems of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, characterized by relatively favorable geomorphological conditions for transport construction and more significant economic opportunities. In the predominantly mountainous terrain of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, which also have a significantly more modest investment potential, the transformation of the transport-geographic space has occurred to a less pronounced degree. Special attention is paid to the prospects for the reintegration of transport systems of the Central Asian countries, which emerged after 2016, in connection with the profound changes in Uzbekistan's foreign policy towards the border countries of Central Asia, initiated and consistently implemented by the new leadership of the republic, headed by President Shavkat Mirziyoyev.

scholarly journals Cultural Rapprochement of Russians and Students from the Countries of Central Asia as a Result of the Impact of “Soft Powerˮ of the Higher Education System

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-842
Author(s):  
Galina A. Savchuk ◽  
Irina B. Britvina ◽  
Valeria A. Frants
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Education System ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The cultural rapprochement between Russia and the countries of Central Asian that are members of global alliances is facilitated by various social institutions, including the system of higher education. The article is of relevance as it analyzes the system of higher education in the context of cross-country interactions in terms of the theory of “soft power”. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential of higher education system as an element of “soft power” of the country in the cultural rapprochement of students from Central Asia and Russians. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in April–June 2019 using the method of in-depth interview in Ekaterinburg, a Russian megalopolis with a high concentration of universities, attractive for educational migration from the countries of Central Asia in terms of geographical location and economic development. Twenty-two students and ten graduates of Ekaterinburg universities who came from this region were interviewed. The technique of typical case sampling was employed. Results. The following results of the impact of “soft power” of the system of higher education have been revealed: in the course of training, attractiveness of Russia, as the country of residence for students from the Central-Asian region, increases; the majority of students have chosen such a strategy of acculturation as integration into the host community; the education system has promoted specific cultural mechanisms for integration of migrants into the host community. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results make it is possible to assert, that the collective efforts of universities to increase their attractiveness for applicants and students from the Central-Asian region have promoted their loyalty to Russia as a whole, have affected further migratory plans, associated with residing in Russia, of a considerable part of students, and promote their cultural integration into the host community. The results may be useful for regional scientists to understand the opportunities and limitations of a deeper cultural rapprochement between people of different cultural background.

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