scholarly journals Evaluation of the decision maker's preferences in the selection means of transport

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 025-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Duchaczek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Actual Decision ◽  
Quantitative Consideration

In the process of optimizing each criterion validity coefficients allow to take into account individual preferences of the decision maker. They are therefore one of its most important elements of this process. On the Polish market works very diverse range of vehicles. For the calculation of the validity coefficients for the optimization of the choice of means of transport used DEMATEL method. The application presented method resulted in a quantitative consideration of the actual decision-maker preferences based on fairly simple scientific method, and not only the intuition of the decision maker.

The Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis to Decide Environmental Policy – a Dead End?

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-208
Author(s):  
Hege Westskog
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Ethical Foundation ◽  
Ethical Beliefs ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Dead End

In this paper I discuss two questions which the decision maker has to consider before she makes use of the method of cost benefit analysis. First, she has to ask herself if she shares the ethical foundation of environmental cost benefit analysis. If not, could environmental cost benefit analysis be adjusted such that her ethical beliefs are incorporated? Second, if the decision maker shares the ethical foundation of environmental cost-benefit analysis, is this method appropriate when there are individuals in a society that hold other ethical beliefs than those implicitly assumed in an environmental cost-benefit analysis? When discussing these questions I focus on two different perspectives – the deontological and the agency aspect of individual preferences. I argue that the answer to both questions is «no», though the answer to the second question is not as clear as the answer to the first.

Bounded, Sigmoid Utility for Insurance Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwei Gao ◽  
Michael R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Logical Necessity ◽  
Empirical Observation ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Bid Price ◽  
Bounded Below ◽  
Petersburg Paradox ◽  
Actual Decision

AbstractApplying a well-known argument of Karl Menger to an insurance version of the St. Petersburg Paradox (in which the decision maker is confronted with losses, rather than gains), one can assert that von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions are necessarily concave upward and bounded below as decision-maker wealth tends to negative infinity. However, this argument is subject to two potential criticisms: (1) infinite-mean losses do not exist in the real world; and (2) the St. Petersburg Paradox derives its force from empirical observation (i. e., that actual decision makers would not agree to an arbitrarily large insurance bid price to transfer an infinite-mean loss), and thus does not impart logical necessity. In the present article, these two criticisms are addressed in turn. We first show that, although infinite-mean insurance losses technically do not exist, they do provide a reasonable model for certain large (i. e., excess and reinsurance) property-liability indemnities. We then employ the Two-Envelope Paradox to demonstrate the logical necessity of concave-upward, lower-bounded utility for arbitrarily small (i. e., negative) values of wealth. Finally, we note that recognizing the bounded, sigmoid nature of utility functions challenges certain fundamental understandings in the economics of insurance demand, and can lead to vastly different conclusions regarding the bid price for insurance.

Gender differences in follower behavior: An experimental study of reactions to ambitious decision makers

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Larimer ◽  
Rebecca J. Hannagan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Male Behavior ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Actual Decision

This study investigates whether observers react negatively to overly ambitious leaders, focusing on whether women are more sensitive than men in their perceptions of the traits of decision makers and whether men and women behave differently as a result of such perceptions. Results from two laboratory experiments show how participants react to ambitious decision makers in simple bargaining scenarios. The results indicate that observers tend to equate ambition for decision-making authority with self-interested, unfair, male behavior. Moreover, observers tend to be less satisfied with a decision made by an ambitious decision maker compared to the same decision made by an unambitious decision maker. That is, people generally dislike ambitious decision makers independent of the actual decision that is made. Further, there are important differences in male and female expectations of what decision makers will do that, when combined with perceptions of decision-maker gender, have more nuanced implications for outcome satisfaction and our understanding of “follower behavior.”

scholarly journals Power Dynamics in a Triad Relationship: Advance Care Planning for Older Adults with Dementia in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 903-903
Author(s):  
Yifan Lou ◽  
Jinyu Liu ◽  
Bei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Advance Care Planning ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Advance Care ◽  
Actual Decision

Abstract Objective: Primary family caregiver (CG), other family members (FM), and medical professionals (MP) play important roles in medical decision-making for older adults with dementia, who often have lost the capacity to make decisions on their own. Power dynamics within the CG-FM-MP triad relationship determine the process and outcome of the decision-making. Guided by Rahl’s relational power model, this study is among the first to understand the experiences of advance care planning among Chinese. Method: This study includes a total of 25 primary CGs or FMs and 5 MPs from 3 neurology departments. Hybrid grounded theory method was used to analyze the preliminary data we had so far. Based on the dimensions of power, we analyzed the power base, means, and scope of each agent in each interview to determine the power comparability. Results: Three types of triadic power relations were categorized: 1) shared-power with shared-decision, in which three agents shared the power of decision-making and CG as the lawful decision-maker makes the final decisions; 2) balanced-power with reversed-patriarchal decisions, in which FM’s power is over both CG and MP and become the actual decision-maker; and 3) unbalanced power with conflicting decisions, in which neither CG and FM has absolute power over each other and MP becomes the actual decision-maker implicitly. Conclusion: The study provides a framework for researchers and practitioners to understand the ACP process for Chinese older adults, which helps develop intervention strategies to improve surrogates’ ACP knowledge and reduce potential conflicts during the stressful process for the population.

“Acting head of the household” of Chinese left-behind families: A neglected phenomenon

2020 ◽  
pp. 1354067X1989867
Author(s):  
Wentian Li
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Role Change ◽  
Psychosocial Services ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
The Family ◽  
Actual Decision

“Acting head of the household” is a psychological phenomenon of the left-behind families in China. It was named by the author. That is, a left-behind woman with maladaptation and difficulties in role change usually actively establish a very close connection with a role outside the family after the husband’s departure from home. In the process of helping and supporting the left-behind family, the role becomes the actual decision-maker, instructor, and even savior of the family, and eventually instead becomes the actual “head of the household” of the family. The left-behind family’s “acting head of the household” is a unique phenomenon in the development of Chinese society under its culture. This phenomenon has not yet attracted widespread attention and is a blind spot in Chinese mental health and psychosocial services.

Functional amyloid: widespread in Nature, diverse in purpose

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi L.L. Pham ◽  
Ann H. Kwan ◽  
Margaret Sunde
Keyword(s):  
Spider Silk ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Fibrillar Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation ◽  
Functional Amyloid ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Element Binding Protein ◽  
Functional Amyloids ◽  
Micro Organisms

Amyloids are insoluble fibrillar protein deposits with an underlying cross-β structure initially discovered in the context of human diseases. However, it is now clear that the same fibrillar structure is used by many organisms, from bacteria to humans, in order to achieve a diverse range of biological functions. These functions include structure and protection (e.g. curli and chorion proteins, and insect and spider silk proteins), aiding interface transitions and cell–cell recognition (e.g. chaplins, rodlins and hydrophobins), protein control and storage (e.g. Microcin E492, modulins and PMEL), and epigenetic inheritance and memory [e.g. Sup35, Ure2p, HET-s and CPEB (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein)]. As more examples of functional amyloid come to light, the list of roles associated with functional amyloids has continued to expand. More recently, amyloids have also been implicated in signal transduction [e.g. RIP1/RIP3 (receptor-interacting protein)] and perhaps in host defence [e.g. aDrs (anionic dermaseptin) peptide]. The present chapter discusses in detail functional amyloids that are used in Nature by micro-organisms, non-mammalian animals and mammals, including the biological roles that they play, their molecular composition and how they assemble, as well as the coping strategies that organisms have evolved to avoid the potential toxicity of functional amyloid.

Clausal Density Between Ages 4 and 9 Years for the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument: Reference Data and Psychometric Properties

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ling-Yu Guo ◽  
Phyllis Schneider ◽  
William Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Purpose This study provided reference data and examined psychometric properties for clausal density (CD; i.e., number of clauses per utterance) in children between ages 4 and 9 years from the database of the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument (ENNI). Method Participants in the ENNI database included 300 children with typical language (TL) and 77 children with language impairment (LI) between the ages of 4;0 (years;months) and 9;11. Narrative samples were collected using a story generation task, in which children were asked to tell stories based on six picture sequences. CD was computed from the narrative samples. The split-half reliability, concurrent criterion validity, and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated for CD by age. Results CD scores increased significantly between ages 4 and 9 years in children with TL and those with LI. Children with TL produced higher CD scores than those with LI at each age level. In addition, the correlation coefficients for the split-half reliability and concurrent criterion validity of CD scores were all significant at each age level, with the magnitude ranging from small to large. The diagnostic accuracy of CD scores, as revealed by sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios, was poor. Conclusions The finding on diagnostic accuracy did not support the use of CD for identifying children with LI between ages 4 and 9 years. However, given the attested reliability and validity for CD, reference data of CD from the ENNI database can be used for evaluating children's difficulties with complex syntax and monitoring their change over time. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13172129

Diverse Range

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
WILLIAM F. BATTIG
Keyword(s):  
Diverse Range
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