scholarly journals Synthesis of O-tyrosine Phosphorylated Adducts of Methylphosphonic and Phosphoric Acid Derivatives as Reference Compounds for the Analysis of Biomedical Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Krylov V.I. Rybalchenko I.V.
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Protective Groups ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Reference Samples

Organophosphorus chemical agents are included in the 1st List of the Annex on Chemicals of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention, CWC). For the purposes of verification of compliance with the provisions of the CWC, special methods, which are considered the most informative at determining the retrospective effects of organophosphorus toxicants on the body, are necessary. Typical long-lived biomarkers of organophosphate toxic agents are tyrosine phosphorylation products, the presence of which in biomedical samples clearly indicates the exposure to sarin, soman, tabun and V-series agents. We have elaborated methods for the synthesis and isolation of tyrosine adducts derivatives of methylphosphonic and phosphoric acids, used as reference samples. The synthesis scheme included the consecutive protection of carboxyl and amino groups of tyrosine, its O-phosphorylation by the corresponding alkylphosphonates and phosphates, the removal of protective groups with the release of corresponding O-phosphorylated tyrosine adducts. Their purification from im purities was carried out, using column chromatography (SiO2, eluent: dichloromethane/ethyl acetate 1:1). The purity of the obtained products was more than 90 %, so it was possible to involve them in further transformations with the use of catalyst without the threat of its «poisoning». Benzyl and carboxybenzyl protection of phosphorylated L-tyrosines (12–17) was removed by means of catalytic hydrogenation by molecular hydrogen under atmospheric pressure. Target adducts of phosphorylated reagents and L-tyrosin were obtained (63–82 %) in form of crystal white substances, readily soluble in water and ethanol, and poorly – in dichloromethane and acetonitrile

scholarly journals Trends in processing and manufacturing that will affect implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2259-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Parshall
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Production Facilities

Several new developments in synthesis science and manufacturing technology may affect the task of implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) constraints on the production of toxic agents for military or terrorist purposes. The combination of automated synthesis methods and high-throughput screening protocols could potentially yield new toxic agents not specifically proscribed by the CWC, but such approaches are unlikely to seriously impact the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in the near future. On the other hand, new developments in manufacturing may have a serious impact on the work of the OPCW inspectors. The wide use of versatile, multipurpose production facilities in making fine chemicals complicates the task of discerning whether a particular facility is used only for nonprohibited purposes under the CWC. New catalytic processes and automated process control permit production of toxic chemicals with fewer emissions that contaminate the environment and might provide clues to the nature of the processes being conducted. Tiny microreactors operated continuously under computer control can produce significant quantities of toxic chemicals (including CWC scheduled compounds) with a very small “footprint”within a larger production facility. These technical developments together with the dispersal of chemical production facilities and skills may seriously complicate the tasks of the OPCW inspectors.

Dynamics of norm contestation in the Chemical Weapons Convention: The case of ‘non-lethal agents’

Politics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-443
Author(s):  
Hana Martínková ◽  
Michal Smetana
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Normative Change ◽  
Riot Control ◽  
Norm Change ◽  
Depth Interviews

In this article, we use an adapted version of Wayne Sandholtz’s cycle of normative change to examine the dynamics of contestation of norms against incapacitating chemical agents and riot control agents, often imprecisely grouped together under the term ‘non-lethal chemical weapons’. We draw on a concept-driven analysis of statements and in-depth interviews with individual stakeholders to track the gradual development of the issue towards norm change within the Chemical Weapons Convention. Our findings highlight several key factors conducive to normative change, particularly the role of the Dubrovka incident as the ‘deviant event’, discursive decoupling of the two classes of chemicals, and new framing and ‘rebranding’ of incapacitating chemical agents as ‘CNS-acting chemicals’. At the same time, we also examine factors that significantly slowed down attempts by norm entrepreneurs to attract attention to the issue, such as the saliency of the use of chemical weapons in Syria, which effectively sidelined the problem of ‘non-lethal’ agents in the overall debate.

scholarly journals TheBondCourt’s Institutional Truce

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 89-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Hakimi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Police Power ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Tenth Amendment ◽  
Clear Statement

As many readers are aware,Bond v. United Statesis a quirky case. The federal government prosecuted under the implementing legislation for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) a betrayed wife who used chemical agents to try to harm her husband’s lover. The wife argued that, as applied to her, the implementing legislation violated the Tenth Amendment. She thus raised difficult questions about the scope of the treaty power and of Congress’s authority to implement treaties through the Necessary and Proper Clause. TheBondCourt avoided those questions with a clear statement rule: “we can insist on a clear indication that Congress meant to reach purely local crimes, before interpreting the statute’s expansive language in a way that intrudes on the police power of the States.” This resolution betrays the Court’s ambivalence about the appropriate limits of the treaty power and about the Court’s own capacity to define those limits.

Central Nervous System-acting chemicals and the Chemical Weapons Convention: A former Scientific Adviser’s perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1559-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons Convention ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Constructive Discussion ◽  
Riot Control

AbstractThe term Incapacitating Chemical Agents (or Incapacitants) was chosen to describe different classes of chemical warfare agents that were being developed in the 1950s. This article considers some of the types of chemicals and their properties that have been discussed more recently under the terminology of Incapacitating Chemical Agents, including opioids of the fentanyl class, and how these psychochemicals are relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This article argues that the term Incapacitating Chemical Agents is inaccurate and misleading and will be a potential cause of confusion when Member States of the Chemical Weapons Convention are discussing the types of toxic chemicals which are permitted for use for various law enforcement purposes including domestic riot control. This article then argues that the term Central Nervous System-acting chemicals is a more accurate and appropriate description of psychochemicals such as the fentanyls, and use of this term will hopefully facilitate a more constructive discussion within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In other words, it is important to ‘get the science clearly understood first’, to enable a more constructive discussion by policy-makers, lawyers and military experts.

THREE DIMENSIONAL INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES

Geophysics ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Relaxation Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multipole Moments ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Surface Field ◽  
Derivatives Of

A method is developed for determining the approximate size and shape of the three‐dimensional mass distribution that is required to produce a given gravitational field. The first few reduced multipole moments of the distribution are calculated from the derivatives of the surface field, and the approximative structure is determined from the values of these moments and a knowledge of the density contrast between the body and its surroundings. A system of classification of problems by symmetry is introduced and its practical usage discussed. A relaxation method is described which may be used to adjust the initial solution systematically to give agreement over the whole field. A descriptive discussion is appended.

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