Abstract
The Tuscaloosa Marine Shale (TMS) formation is a clay- and liquid-rich emerging shale play across central Louisiana and southwest Mississippi with recoverable resources of 1.5 billion barrels of oil and 4.6 trillion cubic feet of gas. The formation poses numerous challenges due to its high average clay content (50 wt%) and rapidly changing mineralogy, making the selection of fracturing candidates a difficult task. While brittleness plays an important role in screening potential intervals for hydraulic fracturing, typical brittleness estimation methods require the use of geomechanical and mineralogical properties from costly laboratory tests. Machine Learning (ML) can be employed to generate synthetic brittleness logs and therefore, may serve as an inexpensive and fast alternative to the current techniques. In this paper, we propose the use of machine learning to predict the brittleness index of Tuscaloosa Marine Shale from conventional well logs.
We trained ML models on a dataset containing conventional and brittleness index logs from 8 wells. The latter were estimated either from geomechanical logs or log-derived mineralogy. Moreover, to ensure mechanical data reliability, dynamic-to-static conversion ratios were applied to Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. The predictor features included neutron porosity, density and compressional slowness logs to account for the petrophysical and mineralogical character of TMS.
The brittleness index was predicted using algorithms such as Linear, Ridge and Lasso Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree, Random Forest, AdaBoost and Gradient Boosting. Models were shortlisted based on the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value and fine-tuned using the Grid Search method with a specific set of hyperparameters for each model. Overall, Gradient Boosting and Random Forest outperformed other algorithms and showed an average error reduction of 5 %, a normalized RMSE of 0.06 and a R-squared value of 0.89. The Gradient Boosting was chosen to evaluate the test set and successfully predicted the brittleness index with a normalized RMSE of 0.07 and R-squared value of 0.83.
This paper presents the practical use of machine learning to evaluate brittleness in a cost and time effective manner and can further provide valuable insights into the optimization of completion in TMS. The proposed ML model can be used as a tool for initial screening of fracturing candidates and selection of fracturing intervals in other clay-rich and heterogeneous shale formations.
Two Mode DPM Equipped with an Automatic Leak Test Using MPX5050GP and MPXV4115VC6U Sensors
