scholarly journals Estimation of The Age of Bloodstains on Soil Matrices By ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4750-4755
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Estimating the accurate time of a crime occurred is one of the priceless information in forensics practice and for the investigation purposes. There are profuse of evidence can be found at the crime scene and each of the evidence will give an important information for the investigation purposes. In this study, the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)- Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique combined with advanced chemometrics method was deployed. For the purpose of determining the age of the bloodstain, two storage conditions; indoor and outdoor were set up to simulate real crime scene scenario and bloodstains on soil matrices were exposed and analyzed for selected time intervals for up to 63 days. Six partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis (PLSR-DA) models were constructed-indoor and outdoor models with 1-63 days-exhibited good performance with acceptable values of predictive root mean squared error (7.04-16.0) and r2 values (0.45-0.89), respectively. Using these models, correct classification of the aged bloodstains was calculated up to 70%. In conclusion, the multivariate analysis based on PLS-DA models indicates that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics provides acceptable discrimination for rapid and non-destructive determination the age of bloodstains on soil matrices in particularly for outdoor and very aged bloodstains.

scholarly journals ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy, a New Non-Destructive Approach for the Quantitative Determination of Biogenic Silica in Marine Sediments

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Melucci ◽  
Alessandro Zappi ◽  
Francesca Poggioli ◽  
Pietro Morozzi ◽  
Federico Giglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Biogenic Silica ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Analyte Signal ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Non Destructive

Biogenic silica is the major component of the external skeleton of marine micro-organisms, such as diatoms, which, after the organisms death, settle down onto the seabed. These micro-organisms are involved in the CO2 cycle because they remove it from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. The biogenic silica content in marine sediments, therefore, is an indicator of primary productivity in present and past epochs, which is useful to study the CO2 trends. Quantification of biosilica in sediments is traditionally carried out by wet chemistry followed by spectrophotometry, a time-consuming analytical method that, besides being destructive, is affected by a strong risk of analytical biases owing to the dissolution of other silicatic components in the mineral matrix. In the present work, the biosilica content was directly evaluated in sediment samples, without chemically altering them, by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Quantification was performed by combining the multivariate standard addition method (MSAM) with the net analyte signal (NAS) procedure to solve the strong matrix effect of sediment samples. Twenty-one sediment samples from a sediment core and one reference standard sample were analyzed, and the results (extrapolated concentrations) were found to be comparable to those obtained by the traditional wet method, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the ATR-FTIR-MSAM-NAS approach as an alternative method for the quantification of biosilica. Future developments will cover in depth investigation on biosilica from other biogenic sources, the extension of the method to sediments of other provenance, and the use higher resolution IR spectrometers.

Real time FTIR spectroscopy of tissue smears from gynecologic cancer tissues: A preliminary study.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17089-e17089
Author(s):  
Ilan Bruchim ◽  
Dov Malonek ◽  
Ben Zion Dekel ◽  
Renat Reens Carmel ◽  
Gabi Groisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

e17089 Background: Women with suspected Gynecologic cancer undergo surgical procedures during which tissue from suspected areas is excised. Fast histopathology analysis is performed intra-operatively using frozen section (FS) analysis, results of which are available within less than an hour. However, the accuracy of the FS test ranges between 75% and 100% when compared to final histopathology diagnoses. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, utilized for classification of tissue samples into malignant and benign tumors, has shown comparable results to those of FS histopathology analysis. However, the sample preparation time and the effects of tissue preparation on the measured spectra have been a concern for the utilization of this technique in clinical practice. In this study we used attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy to examine fresh tissue impression smears as an alternative to the FS technique for rapid classification of tissue samples obtained during surgery. Methods: The study was approved by relevant ethics committees and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written, informed consent. In total, 23 biopsies (ovarian and uterine) were extracted from suspected tumor sites during surgical procedures and sent to the histopathology laboratory for both pathological and FTIR analyses. Results of the histopathology analysis classified 15 samples as benign and 8 samples as malignant. Prior to the histopathologic analysis, tissue samples from these tumors were lightly pressed against the surface of an ATR crystal, leaving on its' surface impression smears. These smears were air dried for ~5 minutes. Mid-IR absorbance spectra were collected using an ATR-FTIR spectrometer. Machine learning techniques (PCA-LDA and SVM) were utilized to build discrimination models from the absorbance data of the measured smears. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results: IR absorbance spectra of malignant smears were consistently higher from spectra of benign smears in the 850cm-1 to 1450 cm-1 range and they were consistently lower in the 3200cm-1 to 3600cm-1 range. The PCA-LDA discrimination model correctly classified the samples with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, and the SVM showed a training accuracy of 100% and a cross validation accuracy of 91.3%. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy of tissue smears may have an important role in the development of next-generation techniques for intra-operative tumor classification.

scholarly journals Estimation of the age of human bloodstains under the simulated indoor and outdoor crime scene conditions by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hancheng Lin ◽  
Yinming Zhang ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Ping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

scholarly journals Inner Properties Estimation of Gala Apple Using Spectral Data and Two Statistical and Artificial Intelligence Based Methods

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2967
Author(s):  
Vali Rasooli Sharabiani ◽  
Sajad Sabzi ◽  
Razieh Pourdarbani ◽  
Mariusz Szymanek ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Non Destructive

Fruits provide various vitamins to the human body. The chemical properties of fruits provide useful information to researchers, including determining the ripening time of fruits and the lack of nutrients in them. Conventional methods for determining the chemical properties of fruits are destructive and time-consuming methods that have no application for online operations. For that, various researchers have conducted various studies on non-destructive methods, which are currently in the research and development stage. Thus, the present paper focusses on a non-destructive method based on spectral data in the 200–1100-nm region for estimation of total soluble solids and BrimA in Gala apples. The work steps included: (1) collecting different samples of Gala apples at different stages of maturity; (2) extracting spectral data of samples and pre-preprocessing them; (3) measuring the chemical properties of TSS and BrimA; (4) selecting optimal (effective) wavelengths using artificial neural network-simulated annealing algorithm (ANN-SA); and (5) estimating chemical properties based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) and hybrid artificial neural network known as the imperialist competitive algorithm (ANN-ICA). It should be noted that, in order to investigate the validity of the methods, the estimation algorithm was repeated 500 times. In the end, the results displayed that, in the best training, the ANN-ICA predicted the TSS and BrimA with correlation coefficients of 0.963 and 0.965 and root mean squared error of 0.167% and 0.596%, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Possible Contamination Sources in the 14C Analysis of Bone Samples by FTIR Spectroscopy

Radiocarbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa D'Elia ◽  
Gabriella Gianfrate ◽  
Gianluca Quarta ◽  
Livia Giotta ◽  
Gabriele Giancane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Powerful Method ◽  
Sample Processing ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Ftir Technique ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Soil Carbonates ◽  
The University

In the sample preparation laboratory of CEDAD (CEnter for DAting and Diagnostics) of the University of Lecce, a protocol for the quality control of bone samples based on infrared spectroscopy has been set up. The protocol has been recently developed as a check-in test with the aim to identify the presence of collagen in the samples, assess its preservation status, and determine whether the submitted bone samples are suitable for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon measurements or not. We discuss in this paper the use of infrared-based techniques to identify the presence of “contaminants” such as restoration and consolidation materials, humic acids, and soil carbonates, which, if not removed by the sample processing chemistry, can be sources of exogenous carbon and can thus influence the accuracy of the 14C determinations.Bone samples recovered in well-defined and previously dated archaeological contexts were intentionally contaminated, submitted to the standard method for collagen extraction and purification, and then characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses performed in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode before being combusted, converted to graphite, and measured by AMS. The study shows that the ATR-FTIR technique is an extremely powerful method for the identification of both the collagen and its contaminants and can supply important information during the selection and processing of samples to be submitted for 14C dating.

scholarly journals Field Spectroscopy: A Non-Destructive Technique for Estimating Water Status in Vineyards

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Ana Belén González-Fernández ◽  
Enoc Sanz-Ablanedo ◽  
Víctor Marcelo Gabella ◽  
Marta García-Fernández ◽  
José Ramón Rodríguez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Regression Error ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive

Water status controls plant physiology and is key to managing vineyard grape quality and yield. Water status is usually estimated by leaf water potential (LWP), which is measured using a pressure chamber; however, this method is difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone. While traditional spectral methods based on leaf reflectance are faster and non-destructive, most are based on vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery (and so only take into account discrete bandwidths) and do not take full advantage of modern hyperspectral sensors that capture spectral reflectance for thousands of wavelengths. We used partial least squares regression (PLSR) to predict LWP from reflectance values (wavelength 350–2500 nm) captured with a field spectroradiometer. We first identified wavelength ranges that minimized regression error. We then tested several common data pre-processing methods to analyze the impact on PLSR prediction precision, finding that derivative pre-processing increased the determination coefficients of our models and reduced root mean squared error (RMSE). The models fitted with raw data obtained their best results at around 1450 nm, while the models with derivative pre-processed achieved their best estimates at 826 nm and 1520 nm.

scholarly journals The Spread of the Soil-Borne Pathogen Fusarium solani in Stored Potato Can Be Controlled by Terrestrial Woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Anett Mészárosné Póss ◽  
Anikó Südiné Fehér ◽  
Franciska Tóthné Bogdányi ◽  
Ferenc Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Set Up

Fusarium solani, a soil-borne pathogen of stored potato may be disseminated, and thus, the damage caused by the pathogen may be aggravated by the grazing activities of arthropods. To investigate whether terrestrial woodlice contribute to the spread or, instead, to the control of F. solani, we launched a series of pilot experiments. First, a laboratory feeding trial was set up to find whether and to what extent woodlice consume the mycelia of fungal pathogens, namely, Aspergillus niger, F. solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This was followed by a second set of experiments to simulate storage conditions where potato tubers, either healthy or infected with F. solani, were offered to woodlice. We found that: (1) F. solani was accepted by woodlice but was not their most preferred food source; (2) the presence of woodlice reduced the spread of F. solani among potato tubers. Our results suggest that the classification of terrestrial woodlice as “storage pests” needs re-evaluation, as isopods have the potential to disinoculate infective plant remnants and, thus, reduce the spread of storage pathogens.

scholarly journals The use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to characterise crude heparin samples by composition and structural features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Devlin ◽  
Lucio Mauri ◽  
Marco Guerrini ◽  
Edwin A. Yates ◽  
Mark A. Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Set

AbstractProduction of the major anticoagulant drug, heparin, is a complex process that begins with the collection of crude material from a dispersed network of suppliers with poor traceability, an issue that was made apparent in 2007-2008, when batches of heparin were contaminated deliberately in the supply chain, resulting in over 100 deaths in the US alone. Several analytical techniques are used currently for the characterisation of pharmaceutical grade heparin, but few have been applied to its crude counterpart. One exception is NMR spectroscopy which was used to study crude heparin (2017), however, owing to the high set-up and running costs, as well as the need for skilled technical operators, the use of NMR at crude heparin production plants is unviable. An alternative, practical, spectroscopic method is attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) that is user-friendly, economical and, importantly, requires little specialised training or sample preparation. Using a top-down chemometric approach employing principal component analysis, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was able to distinguish crude heparins based on their similarity to pharmaceutical heparin, as well as on their compositional and structural features, which included levels of sulphation, the extent of related conformational changes, as well as the quantities of chondroitin and dermatan sulphate present. This approach lends itself to automation and will enable users and regulators to undertake quality control of crude heparin during manufacture. The method requires only economical, portable equipment and little specialised training, bringing the high-quality analysis of crude heparin within reach of both manufacturers and regulators for the first time.

Use of reflectance spectroscopy to estimate the organic carbon and CaCO3 contents of soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Csorba ◽  
Vince Láng ◽  
László Fenyvesi ◽  
Erika Michéli
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Partial Least Squares ◽  
Partial Least Squares Regression ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Root Mean Squared Error ◽  
Squared Error

Napjainkban egyre nagyobb igény mutatkozik olyan technológiák és módszerek kidolgozására és alkalmazására, melyek lehetővé teszik a gyors, költséghatékony és környezetbarát talajadat-felvételezést és kiértékelést. Ezeknek az igényeknek felel meg a reflektancia spektroszkópia, mely az elektromágneses spektrum látható (VIS) és közeli infravörös (NIR) tartományában (350–2500 nm) végzett reflektancia-mérésekre épül. Figyelembe véve, hogy a talajokról felvett reflektancia spektrum információban nagyon gazdag, és a vizsgált tartományban számos talajalkotó rendelkezik karakterisztikus spektrális „ujjlenyomattal”, egyetlen görbéből lehetővé válik nagyszámú, kulcsfontosságú talajparaméter egyidejű meghatározása. Dolgozatunkban, a reflektancia spektroszkópia alapjaira helyezett, a talajok ösz-szetételének meghatározását célzó módszertani fejlesztés első lépéseit mutatjuk be. Munkánk során talajok szervesszén- és CaCO3-tartalmának megbecslését lehetővé tévő többváltozós matematikai-statisztikai módszerekre (részleges legkisebb négyzetek módszere, partial least squares regression – PLSR) épülő prediktív modellek létrehozását és tesztelését végeztük el. A létrehozott modellek tesztelése során megállapítottuk, hogy az eljárás mindkét talajparaméter esetében magas R2értéket [R2(szerves szén) = 0,815; R2(CaCO3) = 0,907] adott. A becslés pontosságát jelző közepes négyzetes eltérés (root mean squared error – RMSE) érték mindkét paraméter esetében közepesnek mondható [RMSE (szerves szén) = 0,467; RMSE (CaCO3) = 3,508], mely a reflektancia mérési előírások standardizálásával jelentősen javítható. Vizsgálataink alapján arra a következtetésre jutottunk, hogy a reflektancia spektroszkópia és a többváltozós kemometriai eljárások együttes alkalmazásával, gyors és költséghatékony adatfelvételezési és -értékelési módszerhez juthatunk.

Fault Localization of Power-Ground Short via Signal Injection and Oscilloscope Technique

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Fault Localization ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Good Working ◽  
Signal Injection ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Short Circuit Condition

Abstract For those attempting fault isolation on computer motherboard power-ground short issues, the optimal technique should utilize existing test equipment available in the debug facility, requiring no specialty equipment as well as needing a minimum of training to use effectively. The test apparatus should be both easy to set up and easy to use. This article describes the signal injection and oscilloscope technique which meets the above requirements. The signal injection and oscilloscope technique is based on the application of Ohm's law in a short-circuit condition. Two experiments were conducted to prove the effectiveness of these techniques. Both experiments simulate a short-circuit condition on the VCC3 power rail of a good working PC motherboard and then apply the signal injection and oscilloscope technique to localize the short. The technique described is a simple, low cost and non-destructive method that helps to find the location of the power-ground short quickly and effectively.

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